neruological Flashcards
central
consist of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral
12 cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
function of central nervous sys
Cerebral Cortex
frontal lobe - personality, behaviour, emotions I/Q, ability to write words
Parietal lobe - sensation, recognize body parts L. vs R.
Temporal lobe - primary auditory reception centre
Occipital Lobe - primary visual centre and understanding of written material
function of central nervous sys
Thalamus - main relay station for nervous system and pain threshold
Hypothalamus - centre for temperature control, sleep, pituitary/emotional regulation
Cerebellum - blend & coordinate motion of muscles involved in voluntary movement
Brain Stem
Brain Stem
midbrain - contains nerve pathways between hemispheres & medulla. Centre for visual reflexes, postural reflex
Pons - connects medulla oblongata & midbrain, ventral to cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata -continuation of spinal cord in brain & controls quality of respirations, heart rate, swallowing, hiccuping and gag and cough reflex
function of the peripheral nervous sys
PNS carries messages to CNS from sensory receptors & from CNS to muscles and glands
Dermatone is an area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single posterior spinal root
Spinal nerves are mixed nerves
function of the peripheral sys #2
Reflex Arc
- response below level of consciousness where sensory afferent fibers carry a message through motor efferent fibers to cause a response in innervated muscle
autonomic nervous sys
Parts of NS that governs the glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Sympathetic/parasympathetic
Function is to maintain Homeostasis
types of neuro exam
Screening - well persons, no significant subjective findings
Complete - performed when neurological concerns I/D through history
Neuro recheck - performed after complete exam “follow up”
subjective data for neuro exam
Headache
- Head injury
- Dizziness/Vertigo
- Seizures
- Tremors
- Weakness
subjective data for neuro exam 2
- Incoordination
- Numbness or tingling
- Difficulty swallowing
- Difficulty speaking
- Significant past history
- Environmental/ occupational hazard
cranial nerve 1-6
1: olfactory :
II: optic: confrontation, visual field testing.
III: oculomotor: 6 cardinal movements
IV: Trochlear: extraocular eye movements.
V: Trigminal: clench the teeth, push down on chin to separate jaws.
VI: Abducens: Check pupil size and reactivity PERRLA.
cranil nerve 7-12
VII: facial: smile, frown, lift eyebrows.( look for symmetry)
VIII: auditory: Rinne or Weber AC>BC.
IX glossopharangeal - taste and motor
(tongue depressor say ahhh!) Also checks gag reflex
reflexes to check
1) Biceps ( C5 and C6)
2) Triceps ( C7 and C8)
3) Patellar ( knee jerk)( L2 andL4)
4) Achilles ( L5 to S2)
5) Plantar reflex (L4 to S2)
relationship towards the two sides of brains
left cerebral cortex receives sensory information from, and controls motor function to, the right side of the body
right cerebral cortex interacts with the left side of the body. Knowledge of where the fibres cross midline
sensation routes in brain
Sensation travels in the afferent fibres in the peripheral nerve, then through the posterior (dorsal) root, and then into the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, it may take one of two routes: the spinothalamic tract or the posterior (dorsal) columns
Position (proprioception)
the sense of where your body parts are in space and in relation to each other, without your looking at them.
Vibration
the ability to feel vibrating objects.
Finely localized touch (stereognosis)
the ability to identify familiar objects by touch, without looking.
deep tendon reflexes
such as patellar or knee jerk;
superficial
such as corneal reflex or abdominal reflex
visceral (organic)
pupillary response to light and accommodation
pathological (abnormal
the Babinski (extensor plantar) reflex.
The deep tendon ( reflex (DTR) has five components
(a) an intact sensory nerve (afferent);
(b) a functional synapse in the cord;
(c) an intact motor nerve fibre (efferent);
(d) the neuromuscular junction;
(e) a competent muscle.
dermatome
skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve
dermatone landmarks
The thumb, middle finger, and fifth finger are each in the dermatomes of C6, C7, and C8. • The axilla is at the level of T1. • The nipple is at the level of T4. • The umbilicus is at the level of T10. • The groin is in the region of L1. • The knee is at the level of L4.
