abdomen/muscoskletal Flashcards
signs and symptoms of changes within abdomen
Changes in appetite Dysphagia Food intolerance Pain Nausea/vomiting Bowel habits History Medications Nutritional assessment
anatomy and physiology of abdomen
The abdomen is a large oval cavity.
Extends from the diaphragm down to the brim of the pelvis.
Divided into 4 quadrants.
The aorta is just to the LEFT of the midline.
Located conveniently 2cm below the umbilicus ( bellybutton).
right upper quadrant of abdomen
kidney, liver, gallbaladder, duodenum, head of the pancreas, ascending and transverse colon
right lower quadrant
appendix, cecum, ovary ( women) ureter and in men ( spermatic cord).
left upper quadrant
stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, kidney, adrenal, splenic flexture of colon,
left lower quadrant
descending colon, sigmois colon, ovary, ureter and spermatic cord
midline
Aorta, uterus and bladder
Four layers of large muscle ab wall
These are joined at the midline by a tendinous seam, the linea alba.
One set, the rectus abdominis, forms a strip extending the length of the midline, and its edge is often palpable.
The solid viscera: are those that maintain a characteristic shape
The hollow viscera: stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, colon and bladder.
The stomach is just below the diaphragm , between the liver and the spleen.
organs palpable in ab cavity
Liver, kidney, aorta, sigmoid colon, uterus, full bladder, cecum are all palpable organs with the abdominal cavity
musculo-skeletal system consists
body’s bones, joints, and muscles. Humans need this system for support to stand erect and for movement.
The musculo-skeletal system also functions to encase and protect the inner vital organs
to produce the red blood cells in the bone marrow
as a reservoir for storage of essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorus in the bones.
nonsynovial joints
fibrous tissue or cartilage and are immovable
Synovial joints
freely movable because the bones are separated from each other and enclosed in a joint cavity
Ligaments
fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another that strengthen the joint and help prevent movement in undesirable directions.
bursa
enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid, much like a joint. Bursae are located in areas of potential friction
complete musculo-skeletal examination
is appropriate for patients with articular disease, a history of musculo-skeletal symptoms, or any problems with ADLs.
approach to complete musc assessment
Use an orderly approach: head to toe, proximal to distal. The approach may need to be modified for patients with limitations in mobility, pain, or fatigue. Provide analgesics, rest periods, or both, as required.
solid viscera
solid viscera are those that maintain a characteristic shape (liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, and uterus)
hollow viscera
(stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, colon, and bladder) depends on the contents. They are usually not palpable
subjective data for abdominal asess
Appetite
- Dysphagia
- Food intolerance
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea/vomiting
- Bowel habits
- Past abdominal history
- Medications
- Alcohol and tobacco
- Nutritional assessment
3 bony articulations for joints
(a) humerus, (b) radius, and (c) ulna of the forearm
most prevalent type of arthritis
Osteoarthritis
workplace injuries
Musculo-skeletal disorders in the workplace often result from repetitive, forceful, or awkward movements on bones, joints, ligaments, and other tissues resulting in pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or restricted movements.
subjective data for musclo
Joints:
Pain Stiffness Swelling, heat, redness Limitation of movement
- Knee joint (if injured)
- Muscles:Pain (cramps)
Weakness - Bones:Pain
Deformity
Trauma (fractures, sprains, dislocations) - Functional assessment (ADLs)
- Self-care behaviours
