eyes, ears, nose, and throat

Question 1

tympanic membrane

Answer 1

The tympanic membrane separates the external ear and middle ear and is tilted obliquely to the ear canal, facing downward and somewhat forward.

It is a translucent, pearly grey membrane in which a prominent cone of light in the anteroinferior quadrant is the reflection of the otoscope light

Question 2

the rest of outer ear

Answer 2

The eardrum is oval and slightly concave, pulled in at its centre by one of the middle ear ossicles, the malleus.

The parts of the malleus show through the translucent eardrum; these are the umbo, the manubrium (handle), and the short process.

The small, slack, superior section of the tympanic membrane is called the pars flaccida.

The remainder of the eardrum, which is thicker and more taut, is the pars tensa. The annulus is the outer fibrous rim of the drum.

Question 3

auditory system at three levels

Answer 3

(a) peripheral, (b) brain stem, and (c) cerebral cortex

Question 4

amplitude/frequency

Answer 4

amplitude is how loud the alarm is;

its frequency is the pitch (in this case, high), or the number of cycles per second.

Question 5

the bony labyrinth, of middle ear

Answer 5

holds the sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing.

Within the bony labyrinth, the vestibule and the semicircular canals constitute the vestibular apparatus, and the cochlea

Question 6

binaural interaction

Answer 6

enables a person to locate the direction of a sound in space, as well as identifying the sound.

Question 7

Sensorineural hearing loss (or perceptive loss)

Answer 7

signifies pathology of the inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or the auditory areas of the cerebral cortex.

Sensorineural hearing loss may be caused by presbycusis, a gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging, and by ototoxic medications, which affect the hair cells in the cochlea

Question 8

mixed loss

Answer 8

a combination of conductive and sensorineural types in the same ear.

Question 9

Equilibrium

Answer 9

plumb lines of the ear register the angle of your head in relation to gravity.

If the labyrinth ever becomes inflamed, it feeds the wrong information to the brain, creating a strong, spinning, whirling sensation called vertigo.

Question 10

Otosclerosis

Answer 10

a common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years.

It is a gradual hardening that causes the footplate of the stapes to become fixed in the oval window, which impedes the transmission of sound and causes progressive deafness.

Question 11

older adults hearing change

Answer 11

cilia lining the ear canal become coarse and stiff. This may cause a decrease in hearing because it impedes sound waves travelling toward the eardrum.

causes cerumen to accumulate and oxidize, which greatly reduces hearing.

Question 12

presbycusis

Answer 12

type of hearing loss that occurs with aging, even in people living in a quiet environment. It is a gradual sensorineural loss caused by nerve degeneration in the inner ear or auditory nerve

Question 13

Subjective Data to collect for ear exam

Answer 13

1. Earache
2. Infections
3. Discharge
4. Hearing loss
5. Environmental noise
6. Tinnitus
7. Vertigo
8. Self-care behaviours

Question 14

nose

Answer 14

first segment of the respiratory system. It warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air, and is the sensory organ for smell.

Question 15

nasal cavity

Answer 15

It extends back over the roof of the mouth. The anterior edge is lined with numerous coarse nasal hairs (vibrissae)

Question 16

nasal cavity contain three parallel bony projections:

Answer 16

(a) superior, (b) middle, and (c) inferior turbinates

Question 17

paranasal sinuses

Answer 17

air-filled pockets within the cranium They communicate with the nasal cavity and are lined with the same type of ciliated mucous membrane

Question 18

sinuses of the body

Answer 18

Two frontal sinuses, in the frontal bone above and medial to the orbits, and
two maxillary sinuses, in the maxilla (cheekbone) along the side walls of the nasal cavity,
: the ethmoid sinuses, between the orbits,
and the sphenoid sinuses, deep within the skull in the sphenoid bone.

Question 19

posterior soft palate of mouth

Answer 19

mobile arch of muscle.

Question 20

parotid gland,

Answer 20

lies within the cheeks in front of the ear and extend from the zygomatic arch down to the angle of the jaw.

Its duct, Stensen’s duct, runs forward to open on the buccal mucosa opposite the second molar.

Question 21

submandibular gland

Answer 21

the size of a walnut, lies beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw.

Question 22

anatomy of the throat

Answer 22

throat, or pharynx, is the area behind the mouth and nose.

nasopharynx is continuous with the oropharynx, above the oropharynx and behind the nasal cavity.

Question 23

malocclusion

Answer 23

remaining teeth drift, causing upper or lower incisors to protrude

Question 24

misaligned teeth causes further problems:

Answer 24

(a) excessive bone resorption, resulting in further tooth loss;
(b) muscle imbalance resulting from misalignment of the mandible and maxilla, producing muscle spasms,
(c) increased stress on the temporomandibular joint leading to osteoarthritis, pain, and inability to fully open the mouth.

Question 25

Leukoedema,

Answer 25

greyish-white benign lesion occurring on the buccal mucosa, may be present in people of African descent.

Question 26

Subjective Data for nose

Answer 26

1. Discharge
2. Frequent colds (upper respiratory infections)
3. Sinus pain
4. Trauma
5. Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
6. Allergies
7. Altered smell

Question 27

subjective data for Mouth and Throat

Answer 27

1. Sores or lesions
2. Sore throat
3. Bleeding gums
4. Toothache
5. Sugar consumption
6. Bruxism (teeth grinding)
7. Hoarseness
8. Dysphagia
9. Altered taste
10. Tobacco consumption
11. Alcohol consumption
12. Sleep apnea
13. Self-care behaviours