eyes, ears, nose, and throat Flashcards
tympanic membrane
The tympanic membrane separates the external ear and middle ear and is tilted obliquely to the ear canal, facing downward and somewhat forward.
It is a translucent, pearly grey membrane in which a prominent cone of light in the anteroinferior quadrant is the reflection of the otoscope light
the rest of outer ear
The eardrum is oval and slightly concave, pulled in at its centre by one of the middle ear ossicles, the malleus.
The parts of the malleus show through the translucent eardrum; these are the umbo, the manubrium (handle), and the short process.
The small, slack, superior section of the tympanic membrane is called the pars flaccida.
The remainder of the eardrum, which is thicker and more taut, is the pars tensa. The annulus is the outer fibrous rim of the drum.
auditory system at three levels
(a) peripheral, (b) brain stem, and (c) cerebral cortex
amplitude/frequency
amplitude is how loud the alarm is;
its frequency is the pitch (in this case, high), or the number of cycles per second.
the bony labyrinth, of middle ear
holds the sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing.
Within the bony labyrinth, the vestibule and the semicircular canals constitute the vestibular apparatus, and the cochlea
binaural interaction
enables a person to locate the direction of a sound in space, as well as identifying the sound.
Sensorineural hearing loss (or perceptive loss)
signifies pathology of the inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or the auditory areas of the cerebral cortex.
Sensorineural hearing loss may be caused by presbycusis, a gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging, and by ototoxic medications, which affect the hair cells in the cochlea
mixed loss
a combination of conductive and sensorineural types in the same ear.
Equilibrium
plumb lines of the ear register the angle of your head in relation to gravity.
If the labyrinth ever becomes inflamed, it feeds the wrong information to the brain, creating a strong, spinning, whirling sensation called vertigo.
Otosclerosis
a common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years.
It is a gradual hardening that causes the footplate of the stapes to become fixed in the oval window, which impedes the transmission of sound and causes progressive deafness.
older adults hearing change
cilia lining the ear canal become coarse and stiff. This may cause a decrease in hearing because it impedes sound waves travelling toward the eardrum.
causes cerumen to accumulate and oxidize, which greatly reduces hearing.
presbycusis
type of hearing loss that occurs with aging, even in people living in a quiet environment. It is a gradual sensorineural loss caused by nerve degeneration in the inner ear or auditory nerve
Subjective Data to collect for ear exam
- Earache
- Infections
- Discharge
- Hearing loss
- Environmental noise
- Tinnitus
- Vertigo
- Self-care behaviours
nose
first segment of the respiratory system. It warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air, and is the sensory organ for smell.
nasal cavity
It extends back over the roof of the mouth. The anterior edge is lined with numerous coarse nasal hairs (vibrissae)
nasal cavity contain three parallel bony projections:
(a) superior, (b) middle, and (c) inferior turbinates
paranasal sinuses
air-filled pockets within the cranium They communicate with the nasal cavity and are lined with the same type of ciliated mucous membrane
sinuses of the body
Two frontal sinuses, in the frontal bone above and medial to the orbits, and
two maxillary sinuses, in the maxilla (cheekbone) along the side walls of the nasal cavity,
: the ethmoid sinuses, between the orbits,
and the sphenoid sinuses, deep within the skull in the sphenoid bone.
posterior soft palate of mouth
mobile arch of muscle.
parotid gland,
lies within the cheeks in front of the ear and extend from the zygomatic arch down to the angle of the jaw.
Its duct, Stensen’s duct, runs forward to open on the buccal mucosa opposite the second molar.
submandibular gland
the size of a walnut, lies beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw.
anatomy of the throat
throat, or pharynx, is the area behind the mouth and nose.
nasopharynx is continuous with the oropharynx, above the oropharynx and behind the nasal cavity.
malocclusion
remaining teeth drift, causing upper or lower incisors to protrude
misaligned teeth causes further problems:
(a) excessive bone resorption, resulting in further tooth loss;
(b) muscle imbalance resulting from misalignment of the mandible and maxilla, producing muscle spasms,
(c) increased stress on the temporomandibular joint leading to osteoarthritis, pain, and inability to fully open the mouth.
Leukoedema,
greyish-white benign lesion occurring on the buccal mucosa, may be present in people of African descent.
Subjective Data for nose
- Discharge
- Frequent colds (upper respiratory infections)
- Sinus pain
- Trauma
- Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
- Allergies
- Altered smell
subjective data for Mouth and Throat
- Sores or lesions
- Sore throat
- Bleeding gums
- Toothache
- Sugar consumption
- Bruxism (teeth grinding)
- Hoarseness
- Dysphagia
- Altered taste
- Tobacco consumption
- Alcohol consumption
- Sleep apnea
- Self-care behaviours
