Nephrotic syndrome

Question 1

O for prOtein and Oedeama

Define Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 1

A renal disorder when there is excessive loss of protein in the urine, leading to hypoalbuminemia and peripheral oedema.

Question 2

HOP

nephrotic syndrome triad

Answer 2

• Proteinuria > 3.5g
• Hypoalbuminemia < 30g/L
• Oedema

Question 3

the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in childeren

Answer 3

minimal change disease

Question 4

the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults

Answer 4

• Membranous nephropathy

Question 5

the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults with HIV or drug used

Answer 5

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 6

nephrotic syndrome pathophsiology

Answer 6

Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) Damage leading to excessive leakage of protein into the urine.

Question 7

HLLL

complications of protein loss in urine

Answer 7

• Hypoalbuminemia (low blood albumin)
  ↓ Oncotic pressure → Fluid leaks into tissues → Oedema
• Liver compensation → Increased lipoprotein synthesis → Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol & triglycerides)
• Loss of Antithrombotic Proteins (e.g., Antithrombin III) → Increased clotting risk (hypercoagulability)
• Loss of Immunoglobulins → Higher infection risk