Question 1

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause (renal)

Accepted Answer

A reversible reduction in the glomerular filtration rate Acute tubular necrosis Acute interstitial nephritis often with heavy proteinuria Renal papillary necrosis, and Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kaplan Interstitial nephritis Direct toxic effect on the tubules Papillary necrosis Inhibition of vasodilatory prostaglandins in the Membranous glomerulonephritis

Question 2

Causes Primary renal diseases that can recur after transplant

Accepted Answer

Primary renal diseases that can recur after transplant FSGS MPGN IgA nephropathy

Question 3

Causes Abdominal pain and renal failure

Accepted Answer

Abdominal pain and renal failure Henoch–Schönlein purpura Haemolytic uraemic syndrome Polyarteritis nodosa APCKD Nephrolithiasis Analgesic nephropathy Retroperitoneal fibrosis Dissecting aortic aneurysm Legionnaire’s disease Acute pancreatitis Ethylene glycol poisoning

Question 4

Causes Causes of false-positive urine albumin on dipstick

Accepted Answer

Causes of false-positive urine albumin on dipstick very alkaline urine with a pH \> 8, fever, heart failure (HF), urinary tract infection (UTI), hematuria, and very concentrated urine

Question 5

Causes Eosinophiluria

Accepted Answer

Eosinophiluria AIN, postinfectious GN, atheroembolic disease of the kidney, septic emboli, or small-vessel vavasculitis

Question 6

Causes Conditions, other than pre renal azotemia, with possible FENa \< 1%

Accepted Answer

Conditions, other than pre renal azotemia, with possible FENa \< 1% contrast-induced nephropathy cardiorenal syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, nonoliguric ATN pigment nephropathy (hemoglobinuria = hemolysis, myoglobinuria rhabdomyolysis), acute glomerulonephritis

Question 7

Causes Causes of renal failure and eosinophilia

Accepted Answer

Causes of renal failure and eosinophilia Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Churg–Strauss syndrome Acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis Cholesterol micro-emboli

Question 8

Causes Causes of chronic renal impairment with normal-sized kidneys

Accepted Answer

Causes of chronic renal impairment with normal-sized kidneys Myeloma Diabetes mellitus Amyloidosis Polycystic kidney disease (kidneys are usually huge by the time renal impairment becomes apparent)

Question 9

Causes Causes of Type 2 (Proximal) Renal Tubular Acidosis

Accepted Answer

Causes of Type 2 (Proximal) Renal

Tubular Acidosis

Isolated
Fanconi Syndrome (associated glycosuria, phosphaturia, aminoaciduria, hypouricemia)
- Primary: hereditary Fanconi syndrome
- Genetic:
  - cystinosis;
  - Wilson disease
- Acquired:
  - Sjögren syndrome;
  - paraproteinemias;
  - vitamin D deficiency
- Drugs/toxins:
  - ifosfamide;
  - tacrolimus;
  - cyclosporine;
  - toluene;
  - outdated tetracycline;
  - lead;
  - mercury;
  - cidofovir; tenofovir

Question 10

Causes Common causes of crystal-induced AKI

Accepted Answer

Common causes of crystal-induced AKI

Tumor lysis syndrome
Intravenous acyclovir
High-dose sulfadiazine & sulfamethoxazole
High-dose intravenous methotrexate
Indinavir
Ethylene glycol ingestion
High doses of vitamin C (rare)

uWorld

Acyclovir
Sulfonamides
Methotrexate
Ethylene glycol
Protease inhibitors

Question 11

Causes of Type 1 (Hypokalemic Distal) Renal Tubular Acidosis

Accepted Answer

Primary: hereditary
Genetic:
- sickle cell disease;
- Fabry disease;
- Wilson disease;
- elliptocytosis
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Autoimmune disorders:
- Sjögren syndrome;
- systemic lupus erythematosus
Nephrocalcinosis/hypercalciuria
Dysproteinemias:
- amyloidosis;
- cryoglobulinemia;
- hypergammaglobulinemia
Drugs/toxins:
- amphotericin B;
- lithium;
- analgesic abuse
Tubulointerstitial disease:
- reflux nephropathy;
- obstructive uropathy;
- kidney transplant rejection

MCQs

Question 12

Causes Causes of red-colored urine without hematuria

Accepted Answer

Causes of red-colored urine without hematuria Phenazopyridine Nitrofurantoin Rifampin Chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Iodine Bromide Food coloring Beets Berries Rhubarb

Question 13

Causes Acute tubular necrosis

Accepted Answer

Acute tubular necrosis

Ischemic ATN e.g. shock, sepsis
Nephrotoxic ATN: Nephrotoxic ATN has both endogenous and exogenous
- Endogenous:
  - Myoglobin (rhabdomyolysis)
  - Free hemoglobin (intravascular hemolysis)
  - Excess uric acid (tumor lysis syndrome)
Exogenous:
- Contrast-induced nephropathy (iodinated contrast media, used in CT scans and angiography, including cardiac catheterizations);
- Drugs (amphotericin B, aminoglycosides, cisplatin, cidofovir, tenofovir, foscarnet, and many others)
- Osmotic nephropathy (e.g., IVIG with sucrose, mannitol, dextran)
- Acute phosphate nephropathy (bowel purgatives containing sodium phosphate)

Question 14

Causes Causes of renal cysts Causes of enlarged kidney

Accepted Answer

Causes of renal cysts

ADPKD, ARPKD
Von Hippel Lindu & Tuberous Sclerosis
Simple Cyst

Causes of enlarged kidney

Cystic Renal Diseases
Renal Mass
Hydronephrosis
Infiltration (Amyloidosis, Metabolic Storage Diseases

Question 15

Causes Drugs that cause lactic acidosis

Accepted Answer

Propofol Metformin NRTIs, salicylates, propylene glycol, isoniazid, linezolid

Nephrology causes Flashcards