Nephrology causes Flashcards
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause (renal)
- A reversible reduction in the glomerular filtration rate
- Acute tubular necrosis
- Acute interstitial nephritis often with heavy proteinuria
- Renal papillary necrosis, and
- Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis.
Kaplan
- Interstitial nephritis
- Direct toxic effect on the tubules
- Papillary necrosis
- Inhibition of vasodilatory prostaglandins in the
- Membranous glomerulonephritis
Causes
Primary renal diseases that can recur after transplant
Primary renal diseases that can recur after transplant
- FSGS
- MPGN
- IgA nephropathy
Causes
Abdominal pain and renal failure
Abdominal pain and renal failure
- Henoch–Schönlein purpura
- Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
- Polyarteritis nodosa
- APCKD
- Nephrolithiasis
- Analgesic nephropathy
- Retroperitoneal fibrosis
- Dissecting aortic aneurysm
- Legionnaire’s disease
- Acute pancreatitis
- Ethylene glycol poisoning
Causes
Causes of false-positive urine albumin on dipstick
Causes of false-positive urine albumin on dipstick
- very alkaline urine with a pH > 8,
- fever,
- heart failure (HF),
- urinary tract infection (UTI),
- hematuria, and
- very concentrated urine
Causes
Eosinophiluria
Eosinophiluria
- AIN,
- postinfectious GN,
- atheroembolic disease of the kidney,
- septic emboli, or
- small-vessel vavasculitis
Causes
Conditions, other than pre renal azotemia, with possible FENa < 1%
Conditions, other than pre renal azotemia, with possible FENa < 1%
- contrast-induced nephropathy
- cardiorenal syndrome,
- hepatorenal syndrome,
- nonoliguric ATN
- pigment nephropathy (hemoglobinuria = hemolysis, myoglobinuria rhabdomyolysis),
- acute glomerulonephritis
Causes
Causes of renal failure and eosinophilia
Causes of renal failure and eosinophilia
- Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- Churg–Strauss syndrome
- Acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis
- Cholesterol micro-emboli
Causes
Causes of chronic renal impairment with normal-sized kidneys
Causes of chronic renal impairment
with normal-sized kidneys
- Myeloma
- Diabetes mellitus
- Amyloidosis
- Polycystic kidney disease (kidneys are usually huge by the time renal impairment becomes apparent)
Causes
Causes of Type 2 (Proximal) Renal
Tubular Acidosis
Causes of Type 2 (Proximal) Renal
Tubular Acidosis
- Isolated
- Fanconi Syndrome (associated glycosuria, phosphaturia, aminoaciduria, hypouricemia)
- Primary: hereditary Fanconi syndrome
- Genetic:
- cystinosis;
- Wilson disease
- Acquired:
- Sjögren syndrome;
- paraproteinemias;
- vitamin D deficiency
- Drugs/toxins:
- ifosfamide;
- tacrolimus;
- cyclosporine;
- toluene;
- outdated tetracycline;
- lead;
- mercury;
- cidofovir; tenofovir
Causes
Common causes of crystal-induced AKI
Common causes of crystal-induced AKI
- Tumor lysis syndrome
- Intravenous acyclovir
- High-dose sulfadiazine & sulfamethoxazole
- High-dose intravenous methotrexate
- Indinavir
- Ethylene glycol ingestion
- High doses of vitamin C (rare)
uWorld
- Acyclovir
- Sulfonamides
- Methotrexate
- Ethylene glycol
- Protease inhibitors
Causes of Type 1 (Hypokalemic Distal) Renal Tubular Acidosis
- Primary: hereditary
- Genetic:
- sickle cell disease;
- Fabry disease;
- Wilson disease;
- elliptocytosis
- Medullary cystic kidney disease
- Autoimmune disorders:
- Sjögren syndrome;
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- Nephrocalcinosis/hypercalciuria
- Dysproteinemias:
- amyloidosis;
- cryoglobulinemia;
- hypergammaglobulinemia
- Drugs/toxins:
- amphotericin B;
- lithium;
- analgesic abuse
- Tubulointerstitial disease:
- reflux nephropathy;
- obstructive uropathy;
- kidney transplant rejection
Causes
Causes of red-colored urine without hematuria
Causes of red-colored urine without hematuria
- Phenazopyridine
- Nitrofurantoin
- Rifampin
- Chloroquine
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Iodine
- Bromide
- Food coloring
- Beets
- Berries
- Rhubarb
Causes
Acute tubular necrosis
Acute tubular necrosis
- Ischemic ATN e.g. shock, sepsis
- Nephrotoxic ATN: Nephrotoxic ATN has both endogenous and exogenous
- Endogenous:
- Myoglobin (rhabdomyolysis)
- Free hemoglobin (intravascular hemolysis)
- Excess uric acid (tumor lysis syndrome)
- Endogenous:
- Exogenous:
- Contrast-induced nephropathy (iodinated contrast media, used in CT scans and angiography, including cardiac catheterizations);
- Drugs (amphotericin B, aminoglycosides, cisplatin, cidofovir, tenofovir, foscarnet, and many others)
- Osmotic nephropathy (e.g., IVIG with sucrose, mannitol, dextran)
- Acute phosphate nephropathy (bowel purgatives containing sodium phosphate)
Causes
Causes of renal cysts
Causes of enlarged kidney
Causes of renal cysts
- ADPKD, ARPKD
- Von Hippel Lindu & Tuberous Sclerosis
- Simple Cyst
Causes of enlarged kidney
- Cystic Renal Diseases
- Renal Mass
- Hydronephrosis
- Infiltration (Amyloidosis, Metabolic Storage Diseases
Causes
Drugs that cause lactic acidosis
- Propofol
- Metformin
- NRTIs,
- salicylates,
- propylene glycol,
- isoniazid,
- linezolid
