Electrolytes causes CC Flashcards
1
Q
Hyponatraemia
A
- Sodium valproate
- Carbamazepine
- Sulfonylureas
- Loop diuretics
- Thiazides
- Addison’s disease
- Burns
- Liver cirrhosis
- Hypothyroidism
- Vomiting
- Adenoma of rectum
- Heart failure
- Diarrhoea
- SIADH
- Psychogenic polydipsia
2
Q
Hyperkalemia
A
- Amiloride
- Ciclosporin
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers
- Spironolactone
- Heparin
- Tacrolimus
3
Q
Hypokalemia with hypertension
A
- Cushing’s syndrome
- Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
- Liddle’s syndrome (similar to hyperaldosteronism)
- 11-beta hydroxylase deficiency
4
Q
Hypokalaemia without hypertension
A
- GI loss (e.g. Diarrhoea, vomiting)
- Diuretics
- Renal tubular acidosis (type 1 and 2)
- Bartter’s syndrome
- Gitelman syndrome
5
Q
Hypomagnesaemia
A
- GI losses: Diarrhea, Steatorrhea, Intestinal bypass, Pancreatitis
- Kidney losses: Loop and thiazide diuretics, Alcohol-induced
- Medications: Cisplatin, Aminoglycosides, Amphotericin B, Cyclosporine
- Hungry bone syndrome following parathyroidectomy
6
Q
Hypophosphatemia
A
- Alcohol excess
- Acute liver failure
- DKA
- Refeeding syndrome
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Osteomalacia
- Refeeding after starvation
- Insulin administration for severe hyperglycemia
- Hungry bone syndrome following parathyroidectomy
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Chronic diarrhea
- Chronic alcoholism
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Vitamin D deficiency.
7
Q
Hyperphosphatemia
A
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Hypocalcemia
- Renal failure
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Tumor lysis
8
Q
Hypercalcaemia
A
- Squamous cell lung cancer
- Thiazides
- Addison’s disease
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Vitamin D intoxication
- Acromegaly
- Milk-alkali syndrome
- Dehydration
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Sarcoidosis
- Bone metastases
- Squamous cell carcinomas arising in the lung or the head and neck
- Multiple myeloma
- Breast carcinoma
- T-cell lymphoma/leukemia
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
9
Q
Hypocalcaemia
A
- Magnesium deficiency
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Chronic kidney disease
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Mass blood transfusion
- Citrate toxicity (low ionized calcium concentration and normal or elevated total serum calcium)
Both hyper- and hypomagnesemia can cause hypocalcemia
10
Q
Causes of hypernatraemia
A
- Dehydration
- Osmotic diuresis e.g. hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma
- Diabetes insipidus
- Excess IV saline
11
Q
Causes of low calcium and high phosphate
A
- Chronic renal failure
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Magnesium deficiency
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Due to end-organ resistance to the effects of PTH
