Nephrology

Question 1

Increased Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 1

methanol, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, propylene glycol, iron/isoniazid, lactic acidosis, ethylene glycol, salicylates

Question 2

Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 2

hyperalimentation, Addison’s, renal tubular acidosis, diarrhea, acetazolamide, spironolactone, saline

Question 3

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 3

loop diuretics, vomiting, antacids, hyperaldosteronism

Question 4

Hyperkalemia

Answer 4

digitalis, hyperosmolarity, insulin deficiency, cell lysis, acidosis, beta-adrenergic antagonists

Question 5

Hypokalemia

Answer 5

hypoosmolarity, insulin, alkalosis, beta-adrenergic agonist

Question 6

PCT

Answer 6

REABSORBS sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, chloride, phosphate, water
SECRETES ammonia

Question 7

Thin Descending Loop

Answer 7

REABSORBS water (concentrates urine)
*IMPERMEABLE to sodium*

Question 8

Thick Ascending Loop

Answer 8

REABSORBS sodium, potassium, chloride (magnesium & calcium indirectly)
IMPERMEABLE to water

Question 9

DCT

Answer 9

REABSORBS sodium, chloride

Question 10

CD

Answer 10

REABSORBS sodium for potassium & hydrogen

Question 11

PTH

Answer 11

PCT: inhibits Na/PO4 cotransport absorption to secrete PO4
DCT: increases Ca/Na exchange for more Ca absorption

Question 12

Aldosterone

Answer 12

CD: inserts Na channel on luminal side

Question 13

ADH

Answer 13

CD: acts at V2 receptor; inserts aquaporins on luminal side