Nephrology

Question 1

Henoch Schonlein Purpura

Answer 1

Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), also known as IgA vasculitis, is a disease of the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes other organs that most commonly affects children. In the skin, the disease causes palpable purpura (small, raised areas of bleeding underneath the skin), often with joint pain and abdominal pain. With kidney involvement, there may be a loss of small amounts of blood and protein in the urine (hematuria and proteinuria), but this usually goes unnoticed; in a small proportion of cases, the kidney involvement proceeds to chronic kidney disease. HSP is often preceded by an infection, such as a throat infectio

Question 2

What is hypernephroma and how does it present?

Answer 2

It is clear or renal cell adenoca
Most commonly in 40-60y olds
Presents as classic triad of haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass. Can also have night sweats and left varicocele if renal vein compression occurs. Haematogenous spread to bones forming lytic lesions give rise to hypercalcaemia.

Question 3

What are the histological features of lupus nephritis?

Answer 3

Diffuse proliferative nephritis with deposits of IgG, IgM and C3

Question 4

What is the first line treatment for Gitelman syndrome?

Answer 4

Amiloride. NSAIDs can be considered second line.