Endocrinology Flashcards
Hormone responsible for epiphyseal fusion and cessation of growth
Oestrogen
Somatostatin inhibits bone fusion and growth, but does not terminate it
Which diabetic medication reduces risk of heart failure and cardiac ischaemia?
Empagliflozin
Acarbose does help reduce the risk of cardiac ischaemia, but has no effect on cardiac failure
Pituitary adenomas, parathyroid adenomas, pancreatic endocrine tumours are associated with what condition?
MEN1
Parathyroid adenumoas, Medullary thyroid carcinomas, phaechromocytomas due to mutations in the RET gene are associated with what condition?
MEN2
What is the most commonly found functioning pituitary tumour?
Prolactinoma
What is Whipple’s triad and what disease does it relate to?
Whipple’s triad: hypoglycaemia with fasting, which is relieved by eating.
Disease: insulinoma
What is maturity onset diabetes of the young? (MODY)
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)[1] refers to any of several hereditary forms of diabetes mellitus caused by mutations in an autosomal dominant gene[2] disrupting insulin production. MODY is often referred to as monogenic diabetes[3][4] to distinguish it from the more common types of diabetes (especially type 1 and type 2), which involve more complex combinations of causes involving multiple genes and environmental factors. MODY 2 and MODY 3 are the most common forms.[5] MODY should not be confused with latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) — a form of type 1 DM, with slower progression to insulin dependence than child-onset type 1 DM, and which occurs later in life.
What is the gene mutation responsible for MODY3?
HNF-1alpha
Against what structure do 21-hydroxylase antibodies act?
Adrenal glands
How is phaeochromocytoma investigated?
Measure 24h cathecholamines
How is carcinoid syndrome investigated?
24h urinary 5-HIAA (the main metabolite of serotonin)
What is Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood (LADA)?
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a form of diabetes mellitus type 1 that occurs in adulthood, often with a slower course of onset than type 1 diabetes diagnosed in juveniles. Adults with LADA may initially be diagnosed incorrectly as having type 2 diabetes based on their age, particularly if they have risk factors for type 2 diabetes such as a strong family history or obesity.
The diagnosis is typically based on the finding of hyperglycemia together with the clinical impression that islet failure rather than insulin resistance is the main cause; detection of a low C-peptide and raised antibodies against the islets of Langerhans support the diagnosis. It can only be treated with the usual oral treatments for type 2 diabetes for a certain period of time, after which insulin treatment is usually necessary, as well as long-term monitoring for complications.
What is Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1)?
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare and complex recessively inherited disorder of immune-cell dysfunction with multiple autoimmunities. It presents as a group of symptoms including potentially life-threatening endocrine gland and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Autoimmune disorders occur when antibodies and immune cells are launched by the body against one or several antigens of its own tissues. APS-1 is caused by changes (mutations) in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. HLA-DR/DQ genes also play a role in predisposing to which of the component autoimmune disease the patient actually develops.
Wha is the difference between Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 and type 2?
The two syndromes are unrelated and APS-2 is more common which is characterized by type-1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid diseases
