Nephrology

Question 1

What are 7 characteristics of nephritic syndrome?

Answer 1

Proteinuria
Haematuria
Azotaemia (elevated blood nitrogen levels)
Red blood cell casts
Anti-streptolysin O titres (ASOT) if post-streptococcal infection
Oliguria (output

Question 2

What are the characterisitics of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 2

Proteinuria >3.5g/d
Edema
Hypoabluminemia (edema, ascites, pleural effusions)
Hyperlipidemia
Hypercoagulability (DVT/PE)

Question 3

What are 4 risk factors for contrast induced nephropathy?

Answer 3

Age >60
Preexisting renal insufficiency
Diabetes mellitus
Multiple myeloma	
Volume depletion
Higher doses of contrast material

Question 4

What are 3 potential strategies to reduce CIN? (contrast induced nephropathy)

Answer 4

• Volume rehydration (Best bet)
• N-acetylcysteine (Not clear if works)
• Sodium bicarbonate (No benefit over NS)

Question 5

List management options directed at the qualitative platelet defect of uremia/acute renal failure causing prolonged bleeding time.

Answer 5

• Cryopercipitate 10U IV

- 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP)

Question 6

What are 5 indications for emergency dialysis?

Answer 6

Acidosis not ameanable to medical therapy
Electrolyte disturbances, life threatening and not correctable
Intoxicants (Salicylates MeOH, EG, Lithium, Theophylline, VPA)
Overloaded - volume
Uremia (Pericarditis / Pericardial effusion)
HTN emergency