Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pediatrics > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of selective proteinuria

A
  1. minimal change nephrotic $
  2. Congenital nephrotic $
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

grades of proteinuria

A
  1. ≥150-500 mg/24 hrs urine → mild proteinuria
    2- > 500 & < 2000 → moderate
    3- ≥ 2000 mg → heavy or massive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

definition of proteinuria

A

protein in urine ≥ 150 mg/ 24h urine
( > 40 mg/m2/h )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal spot urine for protein/creatinine ratio

A

<0.2mg/mg in children >2 y old
<0.5mg/mg in those 6 ~24 months old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The most common cause of persistent proteinuria in school-age children and adolescents

A

orthostatic proteinuria

occurs in up to 60 % of children with persistent proteinuria
No renal dysfunction whatsoever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

causes of Glomerular proteinuria

A
  1. Nephrotic syndrome
  2. Alport syndrome
  3. collagen diseases / vasculitis (HSP - SLE)
  4. DM
  5. Tumors (Lymphoma - solid tumors)
  6. Toxins (Mercury)
  7. infections (GABHS - HBV- HCV - IMN)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

causes of tubulointerstitial proteinuria

A
  1. ATN (Aminoglycosides - NSAID - Radiocontrast)
  2. **Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis **(NSAID - Penicillin - cephalosporin)
  3. PKD
  4. Proximal RTA (Fanconi)
    5.Pyelonephritis
  5. Toxins (Lead - copper - Mercury)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why does hyperlipidemia occur in nephrotic $

A

الالبيومين بيقع كتير في البول فالكبد هيحصله اوفر اكتيفيتي فا هيطلع كل منتجاته بزيادة ومن ضمنها الالبيومين والكوليستيرول
فالكزليستيرول هيعلى جامد + ان الكبد مش هيعرف يكسره عشان الكلية بتوقع ال lipoprotein lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

criteria of nephrotic syndrome

A
  1. Heavy selective proteinuria > 40 mg/m2/hour.
  2. Hypoproteinemia.
  3. Generalized edema.
    +/- Hyperlipidemia.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

main ccc of nephrotic $

A
  1. ↑ risk of infections
  2. hypercoagulability
  3. S/E of drugs (HTN & polycythemia dt steroids)
  4. Hypovolemic shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

most common cause of nephrotic $ in childhood

A

idiopathic

complete remission following CS therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

indications of genetic testing

A
  1. steroid resistant idiopathic nephrotic $
  2. children < 1 year
  3. FH pf proteinuria
  4. Extrarenal symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

indications of kidney biopsy

A
  1. Children > 12 years
  2. steroid resistant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

A

minimal change nephrotic syndrome

> 70% between 1 and 8 years , M: F = 2 : 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how to differentiate between different types of edema

A
  1. Renal → Eyelid, extremities then generalized
  2. Cardiac → LL then ascites then generalized
  3. Hepatic → Ascites then generalized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are common organisms in infections dt nephrotic syndrome

A
  1. Gram -ve eg. E-coli
  2. Capsulated eg. pneumococci,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

most common infection following nephrotic syndrome

A

Peritonitis

then akin infections & UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is there increased risk of infections in nephrotic $

A
  1. Loss of IgG and opsonins in urine
  2. Used of steroid
  3. Edema and ascites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is there hypercoagulable state in nephrotic $

A

a) Hemoconcentration (due to edema and ascites + using diuretics).
b) Loss of protein C and S in urine.
c) Decreased fibrinolytic functions.
d) Increased platelets aggregation and thrombocytosis.
e) Precipitated cholesterol on vessel wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

type of proteinuria in nephrotic $

A

heavy selective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DD of minimal change nephrotic $

A
  1. Congenital nephrotic $
  2. FSGS
  3. Membranous glomerulonephritis
  4. membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
  5. secondary dt systemic disease (DM / SLE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alternatives to steroids in nephrotic $

A
  1. Cyclophosphamide (Endoxan).
  2. Calcineurin inhibitors.
    a. Cyclosporine A (Sandimmune)
    b. Tacrolimus (Prograf)
  3. Mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept).
  4. Levamisole
  5. Rituximab
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the leading cause of acute kidney injury in a nephrotic patient?

A

hypovolemia

24
Q

definition of hematuria

A

presence of ≥ 5 RBC per HPF in a 10 ml freshly voided and centrifuged sample

25
Q

what are clinical presentations of glomerular disorders

A
  1. Asymptomatic proteinuria
  2. nephrotic syndrome
  3. Recurrent hematuria
  4. Acute glomerulonephritis
  5. rapidly progressive GN
  6. Acute RF
  7. chronic RF
26
Q

age of presentation of Alport syndrome

A

5 ~ 20 years

renal impairment in 20 ~ 30 years in men

27
Q

diagnosis of IgA nephropathy

A

predominant IgA deposits in
kidney biopsy using immunohistochemical staining (Not serum IgA)

M/C in 2nd or 3rd decades M>F

28
Q

Recurrent gross hematuria syndrome:

A
  1. IgA nephropathy
  2. Alport syndrome
    3.benign familial hematuria
29
Q

enumerate causes of Glomerular hematuria:

A
  1. PSCGN
  2. recurrent gross hematuria syndrome
  3. MPGN (HUS - SLE)
  4. MGN (HSP)
  5. Thin BM disease
30
Q

the interval between infection and appearance of hematuria in IgA nephropathy

A

1 - 2 days

compared to 1 - 2 weeks in Poststrept.

31
Q

nephritogenic strain of Group A strept. pyogenes

A
  1. pharyngeal infective 12
  2. skin infective 49
32
Q

type of GN in post streptococcal

A

diffuse proliferative

33
Q

oliguria parameters

A
  1. infants → < 1 ml/kg/hr
  2. children → < 0.5 ml/kg//hr
  3. Adults → < 400 ml / d

Anuria → < 1 ml/kg/day

34
Q

complications of PSCGN

A
  1. HF
  2. RF
  3. HTN encephalopathy
35
Q

indications for renal biopsy in PSGN

A
  1. Persistently low C3 beyond 8 weeks
  2. Persistent heavy proteinuria after 6 months
  3. Atypical presentation: nephrotic syndrome, severe acute renal failure with estimated GFR <30ml/min/1.73m2
  4. Atypical course: failure of renal functions to improve after initial improvement during the acute phase which usually last no more than 2 weeks
36
Q

M/C cause of ARF

37
Q

patient has post infectious GN , Hematuria , puffines,…. presented with Tachycardia, what is the first line investigation

A

Electrolytes

38
Q

patient with CKD for many years, encountered a trauma, then presented with shoulder/ clavicular pain, what is the investigation

39
Q

second most common cause of FUO in pediatrics

A

UTI

first is Ottitis media

40
Q

Causes of ARF in the newborn

A
  1. Renal Agenesis / dysgenesis
  2. NEC
  3. RDS
    + any other causes
41
Q

complications of AKI

A
  1. Volume overload → HF / PE
  2. hyperkalemia → Arrythmia
  3. GIT bleeding
  4. Seizures, coma or behavioral changes
42
Q

significance of Na level in urine analysis

A

< 30mEq/L pre renal
> 30mEq/L renal
> 70mEq/L tubular dysfunction

43
Q

when to suspect irreversible renal failure

A

no diuresis within 2 hours after giving diuretics

44
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia in ARF

A
  1. IV Ca gluconate
  2. NAHCO3
  3. K exchange resin
  4. in severe cases → Insulin + glucose regimen
  5. Dialysis
45
Q

indications of dialysis

A
  1. persistent hyperkalemia
  2. Volume overload + refractory pulmonary edema or hypertension
  3. Refractory metabolic acidosis
  4. Anuria
  5. BUN > 100 ~ 150 mg/dl
46
Q

classify stages of CKD according to GFR

A

1 → > 90 ml/min/1.73m3 (damage + normal / high GFR)
2 → 89 ~60 (mild decrease)
3 → 59 ~ 30
4 → 29 ~ 15
5 → < 15 / dialysis (kidney failure)

47
Q

what is the mechanism of Renal osteodystrophy in CKD

A
  1. Hypocalcemia & hyperphosphatemia will lead to hyperparathyroidism.
  2. Metabolic acidosis will lead to bone resorption.
  3. Deficient activation of vitamin D. (α-1 OH)
48
Q

what is the mechanism of Growth retardation in CKD

A
  1. Renal Osteodystrophy
  2. ↓ Protein-calorie intake
  3. Growth hormone resistance
  4. Anemia
  5. Metabolic acidosis
49
Q

what is the mechanism of Anemia in CKD

A
  1. Decreased erythropoietin production
  2. Bleeding
  3. inadequate iron & folate intake.
  4. Low grade hemolysis.
  5. Aluminum, lead intoxication
50
Q

M/C risk factor for UTI

A

primary VUR

51
Q

M/S ccc of recurrent UTI

A

renal scarring

52
Q

regarding cystitis

A

no fever - no renal insufficiency

53
Q

criteria for diagnosing UTI

A
  1. presence of pyuria
  2. 50 000 CFU/ml of a single organism in an
    appropriately collected specimen of
    urine
54
Q

indications of VCUG

A
  1. Abnormal US
  2. recurrent UTI
55
Q

Acute management of pyelonephritis

A

Oral antibiotics for 7–10 days.
If oral antibiotics cannot be used, use
intravenous (IV) antibiotics for 2–4 days
followed by oral antibiotics for a total
duration of 10 days

56
Q

Acute management of Cystitis

A

Oral antibiotics for 3 days.
If the child is still unwell after 24–48
hours they should be reassessed.

Pediatrics (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions