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MRCPCH > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome?

A

Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

Minimal change disease

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3
Q

What is the treatment for Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

Prednisolone 60mg/kg for 4 weeks then 40mg/kg for 3/7 for 4 weeks

Second Line Treatment:
IV Methylprednisolone
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclosporin

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4
Q

What is the commonest cause of HUS?

A

E.coli (subtype 0157:H7)

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5
Q

What electrolyte changes does Primary Hyperaldosteronism cause?

A

Hypokalaemia, Hypernatraemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypertension and low renin levels

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6
Q

Raised renin, aldosterone and normal blood pressure with low sodium, low potassium and chloride is which 2 conditions?

A

Bartter Syndrome - normal Mg
Gitelmann Syndrome - low Mg

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7
Q

Bartter syndrome is associated with which antenatal problems?

A

Polyhydramnios
Preterm delivery

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8
Q

Children in acute renal failure w/ oliguria should receive which replacement fluids?

A

0.9% NaCl 5% dextrose at 300ml/m2 per day + ongoing losses

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9
Q

Painless abdominal mass +/- haematuria in 10-20% of cases?

A

Wilm’s tumour

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10
Q

Asymptomatic microscopic haematuria and deafness?

A

Alport Syndrome

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11
Q

Faltering growth, polyuria, polydipsia, faltering growth and hypophosphataemic rickets + corneal cystine deposits leading to photophobia/ blindness?

A

Cystinosis

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12
Q

What is the commonest cause of Fanconi Syndrome in Children?

A

Cystinosis

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13
Q

Staghorn calculi are made up of what?

A

Struvite

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14
Q

What condition presents with a hyperchloraemic, hypokalaemia metabolic acidosis?

A

Fanconi syndrome (often caused by cystinosis)

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15
Q

Which condition presents with a hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic, metabolic alkalosis with hypercalciuria?

A

Bartter syndrome

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16
Q

Which part of the nephron is affected in Bartter Syndrome?

A

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

17
Q

Which part of the nephron is affected in Gitelmann Syndrome?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

18
Q

Which type of stones are most present in BArtter Syndrome?

A

Kidney Stones

19
Q

Which type of stones are most common in Gitelmann Syndrome?

A

Gallstones

20
Q

What are the features of Liddle Syndrome?

A

Hypertension
Hypernatraemia
Hypokalaemia
Metabolic Alkalosis

21
Q

What is the triad that makes up Goodpastrue’s disease?

A

Glomerulonephritis (rapidly progressive or crescentic)
Pulmonary haemorrhage
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody formation

22
Q

What is the most common presenting symptom of Goodpastures disease?

A

Haemoptysis

23
Q

Causes of normal complement nephritis?

A

HSP
Goodpastures
IgA nephropathy
Polyarteritis Nodosa

24
Q

Causes of low complement nephritis?

A

SLE
Post-strep GN
Shunt Nephritis
Infective Endocarditis
Membranoproliferaive GN

25
Q

What are the atypical features of UTI?

A

Seriously ill
Raised creatinine
Non-e.coli organisms
Abdominal or bladder mass
Septicaemia
Poor urine flow

26
Q

What are the NICE guidelines for imaging in UTI?

A

Infants < 6 months who present with a first UTI which responds to treatment should have an ultrasound within 6 weeks

Children > 6 months who present with a first UTI which responds to treatment do not require imaging unless there are features suggestive of an atypical infection (see below) or recurrent infection

27
Q

What is Sheehan syndrome?

A

Postpartum pituitary necrosis

28
Q

What is the most common site of hypospadias?

A

Distal ventral aspect of penis

29
Q

Define cranial diabetes insipidus?

A

Decreased secretion of ADH (therefore desmopressin may have an effect)

30
Q

Define nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Resistance to ADH within the kidneys

31
Q

Polycystic kidney disease inheritance patterns?

A

ADPKD - most common type, older children
ARPKD - rare, presents causing death in childhood

32
Q

IgG glomerular immune deposits?

A

HSP

33
Q

Renal tubular acidosis type 1 =

A

Impaired excretion of H+ ions

34
Q

Renal tubular acidosis type 2 =

A

Failure to reabsorb HCO3 ions in the proximal portion of the tubules

35
Q

What electrolyte disturbances are associated with distal (hydrogen) renal tubular acidosis?

A

Hypokalaemia
Hypocalcaemia (therefore hypercalciuria)

MRCPCH (14 decks)

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