Nephrology Flashcards
What is the most common cause of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome?
Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Minimal change disease
What is the treatment for Nephrotic Syndrome?
Prednisolone 60mg/kg for 4 weeks then 40mg/kg for 3/7 for 4 weeks
Second Line Treatment:
IV Methylprednisolone
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclosporin
What is the commonest cause of HUS?
E.coli (subtype 0157:H7)
What electrolyte changes does Primary Hyperaldosteronism cause?
Hypokalaemia, Hypernatraemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypertension and low renin levels
Raised renin, aldosterone and normal blood pressure with low sodium, low potassium and chloride is which 2 conditions?
Bartter Syndrome - normal Mg
Gitelmann Syndrome - low Mg
Bartter syndrome is associated with which antenatal problems?
Polyhydramnios
Preterm delivery
Children in acute renal failure w/ oliguria should receive which replacement fluids?
0.9% NaCl 5% dextrose at 300ml/m2 per day + ongoing losses
Painless abdominal mass +/- haematuria in 10-20% of cases?
Wilm’s tumour
Asymptomatic microscopic haematuria and deafness?
Alport Syndrome
Faltering growth, polyuria, polydipsia, faltering growth and hypophosphataemic rickets + corneal cystine deposits leading to photophobia/ blindness?
Cystinosis
What is the commonest cause of Fanconi Syndrome in Children?
Cystinosis
Staghorn calculi are made up of what?
Struvite
What condition presents with a hyperchloraemic, hypokalaemia metabolic acidosis?
Fanconi syndrome (often caused by cystinosis)
Which condition presents with a hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic, metabolic alkalosis with hypercalciuria?
Bartter syndrome
Which part of the nephron is affected in Bartter Syndrome?
Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Which part of the nephron is affected in Gitelmann Syndrome?
Distal convoluted tubule
Which type of stones are most present in BArtter Syndrome?
Kidney Stones
Which type of stones are most common in Gitelmann Syndrome?
Gallstones
What are the features of Liddle Syndrome?
Hypertension
Hypernatraemia
Hypokalaemia
Metabolic Alkalosis
What is the triad that makes up Goodpastrue’s disease?
Glomerulonephritis (rapidly progressive or crescentic)
Pulmonary haemorrhage
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody formation
What is the most common presenting symptom of Goodpastures disease?
Haemoptysis
Causes of normal complement nephritis?
HSP
Goodpastures
IgA nephropathy
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Causes of low complement nephritis?
SLE
Post-strep GN
Shunt Nephritis
Infective Endocarditis
Membranoproliferaive GN
What are the atypical features of UTI?
Seriously ill
Raised creatinine
Non-e.coli organisms
Abdominal or bladder mass
Septicaemia
Poor urine flow
What are the NICE guidelines for imaging in UTI?
Infants < 6 months who present with a first UTI which responds to treatment should have an ultrasound within 6 weeks
Children > 6 months who present with a first UTI which responds to treatment do not require imaging unless there are features suggestive of an atypical infection (see below) or recurrent infection
What is Sheehan syndrome?
Postpartum pituitary necrosis
What is the most common site of hypospadias?
Distal ventral aspect of penis
Define cranial diabetes insipidus?
Decreased secretion of ADH (therefore desmopressin may have an effect)
Define nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Resistance to ADH within the kidneys
Polycystic kidney disease inheritance patterns?
ADPKD - most common type, older children
ARPKD - rare, presents causing death in childhood
IgG glomerular immune deposits?
HSP
Renal tubular acidosis type 1 =
Impaired excretion of H+ ions
Renal tubular acidosis type 2 =
Failure to reabsorb HCO3 ions in the proximal portion of the tubules
What electrolyte disturbances are associated with distal (hydrogen) renal tubular acidosis?
Hypokalaemia
Hypocalcaemia (therefore hypercalciuria)
