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MRCPCH > Cardiology - TAS > Flashcards

Cardiology - TAS Flashcards

1
Q

Which arrhythmia is Ebstein’s anomaly associated with?

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

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2
Q

How is WPW treated?

A

Radiofrequency Ablation of the accessory pathway

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3
Q

List the cyanotic heart conditions?

A

Transposition of the Great Arteries
Truncus Arteriosus
Tricuspid Atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

Also:
Coarctation of the Aorta
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Pulmonary Atresia
Eisenmenger Syndrome

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4
Q

Continuous machinery-like murmur (or occasionally mixed systolic and diastolic murmurs)

A

PDA

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5
Q

Pansystolic murmur heard loudest at the apex and radiating to the axilla

A

Mitral Regurgitation

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6
Q

Features of Rheumatic Fever?

A

Joint involvement
Myocarditis
Nodules (subcutaneous)
Erythema Marginatum
Sydenham Chorea
Raised CRP
Arthralgia
Fever
Elevated ESR
Prolonged PR interval
Leucocytosis

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7
Q

Young person presenting with fever, polyarthralgia and murmur?

A

Rheumatic Fever

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8
Q

Rib-notching on CXR is associated with…

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

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9
Q

Which heart condition presents with cyanotic spells associated with infundibular spasm?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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10
Q

Which heart condition presents most commonly with heart failure e.g. weight loss, tachypnoea, hepatomegaly?

A

VSD

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11
Q

Management of HTN in patients with T1DM?

A

Lifestyle changes
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers (contraindicated in T1DM)

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12
Q

Management of Hypercyanotic spells in Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Knees to chest
Supplemental oxygen
Morphine bolus

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13
Q

Long term cardiac complication of rheumatic fever?

A

Mitral stenosis

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14
Q

Which 3 conditions is Pulmonary stenosis present in?

A

Aligille Syndrome
William’s Syndrome
Noonan’s Syndrome

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15
Q

Pulmonary stenosis, cholestatic jaundice and butterfly vertebrae = ?

A

Alagille Syndrome

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16
Q

Prolonged QT syndrome and sensori-neural deafness = ?

A

Jervell-Lange-Neilson Syndrome

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17
Q

Which two bacteria are the most common causes of bacterial endocarditis?

A

Strep. viridians
Staph. aureus

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18
Q

Fixed splitting of the second heart sound and an ejection systolic murmur?

A

Ostium secundum ASD

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19
Q

Turner’s syndrome is associated with a higher incidence of ??

A

Aortic Dissection (due to aortic root dilatation)

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20
Q

What are the indications for early surgical closure in patients with large VSDs?

A

Pulmonary HTN
Signs of heart failure
Faltering growth

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21
Q

Management of a PDA?

A

Fluid restriction
Furosemide
Paracetamol

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22
Q

wWhat condition is characterised by chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis (recurrent infections) and dextrocardia?

A

Kartagener’s Syndrome

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23
Q

What 4 features does tetralogy of fallout consist of?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Overriding aorta
VSD
Right ventricular hypertrophy

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24
Q

Bounding brachial pulses suggest which cardiac pathology?

A

PDA

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25
Q

Carotid thrill is palpable in ??

A

Aortic Stenosis

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26
Q

Ejection systolic murmur at the upper right sternal edge, radiating to the carotids?

A

Aortic Stenosis

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27
Q

Alcohol is associated with which cardiac lesion?

A

ASD

28
Q

Rubella is associated with which cardiac lesions?

A

PDA
Coarctation of the aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot

29
Q

Lithium is associated with which cardiac lesion?

A

Ebstein’s Anomaly

30
Q

Phenytoin is associated with which cardiac lesion?

A

Pulmonary Stenosis

31
Q

Narrowing of the upper mediastinum of CXR signifies which cardiac lesion?

A

Transposition of the Great Arteries

32
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis is associated with …

A

Rhabdomyoma

33
Q

Noonan’s syndrome is associated with …

A

Pulmonary Stenosis

34
Q

Fredriech Ataxia is associated with …

A

HOCM

35
Q

CXR finding of rib notching?

A

CoA

36
Q

CXR finding - boot shaped heart?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

37
Q

CXR finding - egg on side appearance?

A

Transposition of the great arteries

38
Q

CXR findings - a very large heart with reduced pulmonary markings?

A

Ebstein’s Anomaly

39
Q

Normal oxygen saturations in the heart?

A

Right side + pulmonary artery - >75%
Left side + aorta - >98%

40
Q

Absent mitral valve and enlarged right atria and ventricle?

A

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

41
Q

Which conditions cause pansystlic murmurs?

A

VSD
Mitral Regurgitation

42
Q

What are the characteristics of PDA?

A

Continuous machinery like murmur
Occasionally can be heard as a systolic and diastolic murmur
Wide pulse pressure

43
Q

What is the surgical management of a Transposition of the Great Arteries with a large VSD?

A

Pulmonary artery banding followed by an arterial switch operation

44
Q

Which cardiac conditions can present with dual murmurs?

A

PDA
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Regurgitation

45
Q

What is the murmur of mitral regurgitation like?

A

Pansystolic murmur heard loudest over the apex and radiating to the axilla

46
Q

What complications can maternal diabetes cause in the neonate?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Surfactant deficiency
Polycythaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Congenital Heart Disease

47
Q

What does the presence of PiZZ phenotype suggest?

A

Alpha-1-antitrypisin Deficinecy

48
Q

Precordial thrill and a (pan)systolic murmur?

A

VSD
Small VSD - loud murmur and thrill
Large VSD - quiet murmur

49
Q

What are the possible causes of constrictive pericarditis?

A

Tuberculosis
Post cardiac surgical complications
Viral infections

50
Q

What are the operations for Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

Norwood - Glenn - Fontane

51
Q

What is the treatment of choice for co-arctation of the aorta?

A

Subclavian Flap Repair

52
Q

Gallop rhythm?

A

Ebstein’s Anomaly

53
Q

Risk factors for developing PDA?

A

Birth asphyxia
Fetal distress
Meconium stained fluid
Down syndrome
Cord entanglement
HIE
Maternal infection
Oligohydramnios

54
Q

What is the murmur in PDA?

A

Continuous machinery like murmur
Wide pulse pressure

55
Q

What is the management of PDA?

A

Term babies - indomethacin is ineffective, closure after 1 year with cardiac catheterisation
Preterm babies - ibuprofen preferable to indomethacin (due to reduced risk of NEC)

56
Q

Which heart conditions is Turner syndrome most associated with?

A

Bicuspid aortic valves
Coarctation of the aorta

57
Q

Snowman sign on CXR?

A

TAPVD

58
Q

What does a fourth heart sound signify?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

59
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus?

A

Shunts left umbilical vein blood to the IVC hence bypassing the fetal liver

60
Q

Which protein is affected in Marfan syndrome?

A

Fibrillin

61
Q

What is the main congenital heart defect in turners syndrome?

A

Bicuspid aortic valves
Coarctation of the aorta

62
Q

Which genetic conditions are associated with pulmonary atresia with VSD?

A

VACTERL
Aligille syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
Trisomy 21

63
Q

A VSD forms from which embryological structure?

A

Endocardial cushions

64
Q

What is responsible for the closure of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Reduced prostaglandin levels in the blood at birth and increased oxygen tension following delivery

65
Q

Where do the arterial baroreceptors lie?

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

66
Q

Increased pulmonary vascular markings?

A

Total anomalous venous pulmonary drainage
Transposition of the great arteries
Truncus Arteriosus
Large AVSD

67
Q

Reduced pulmonary vascular markings?

A

ToF
Double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis
Single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis
Ebstein anomaly with ASD

MRCPCH (14 decks)

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