Cardiology - TAS Flashcards
Which arrhythmia is Ebstein’s anomaly associated with?
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
How is WPW treated?
Radiofrequency Ablation of the accessory pathway
List the cyanotic heart conditions?
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Truncus Arteriosus
Tricuspid Atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
Also:
Coarctation of the Aorta
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Pulmonary Atresia
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Continuous machinery-like murmur (or occasionally mixed systolic and diastolic murmurs)
PDA
Pansystolic murmur heard loudest at the apex and radiating to the axilla
Mitral Regurgitation
Features of Rheumatic Fever?
Joint involvement
Myocarditis
Nodules (subcutaneous)
Erythema Marginatum
Sydenham Chorea
Raised CRP
Arthralgia
Fever
Elevated ESR
Prolonged PR interval
Leucocytosis
Young person presenting with fever, polyarthralgia and murmur?
Rheumatic Fever
Rib-notching on CXR is associated with…
Coarctation of the Aorta
Which heart condition presents with cyanotic spells associated with infundibular spasm?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Which heart condition presents most commonly with heart failure e.g. weight loss, tachypnoea, hepatomegaly?
VSD
Management of HTN in patients with T1DM?
Lifestyle changes
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers (contraindicated in T1DM)
Management of Hypercyanotic spells in Tetralogy of Fallot?
Knees to chest
Supplemental oxygen
Morphine bolus
Long term cardiac complication of rheumatic fever?
Mitral stenosis
Which 3 conditions is Pulmonary stenosis present in?
Aligille Syndrome
William’s Syndrome
Noonan’s Syndrome
Pulmonary stenosis, cholestatic jaundice and butterfly vertebrae = ?
Alagille Syndrome
Prolonged QT syndrome and sensori-neural deafness = ?
Jervell-Lange-Neilson Syndrome
Which two bacteria are the most common causes of bacterial endocarditis?
Strep. viridians
Staph. aureus
Fixed splitting of the second heart sound and an ejection systolic murmur?
Ostium secundum ASD
Turner’s syndrome is associated with a higher incidence of ??
Aortic Dissection (due to aortic root dilatation)
What are the indications for early surgical closure in patients with large VSDs?
Pulmonary HTN
Signs of heart failure
Faltering growth
Management of a PDA?
Fluid restriction
Furosemide
Paracetamol
wWhat condition is characterised by chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis (recurrent infections) and dextrocardia?
Kartagener’s Syndrome
What 4 features does tetralogy of fallout consist of?
Pulmonary stenosis
Overriding aorta
VSD
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Bounding brachial pulses suggest which cardiac pathology?
PDA
Carotid thrill is palpable in ??
Aortic Stenosis
Ejection systolic murmur at the upper right sternal edge, radiating to the carotids?
Aortic Stenosis
Alcohol is associated with which cardiac lesion?
ASD
Rubella is associated with which cardiac lesions?
PDA
Coarctation of the aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot
Lithium is associated with which cardiac lesion?
Ebstein’s Anomaly
Phenytoin is associated with which cardiac lesion?
Pulmonary Stenosis
Narrowing of the upper mediastinum of CXR signifies which cardiac lesion?
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Tuberous Sclerosis is associated with …
Rhabdomyoma
Noonan’s syndrome is associated with …
Pulmonary Stenosis
Fredriech Ataxia is associated with …
HOCM
CXR finding of rib notching?
CoA
CXR finding - boot shaped heart?
Tetralogy of Fallot
CXR finding - egg on side appearance?
Transposition of the great arteries
CXR findings - a very large heart with reduced pulmonary markings?
Ebstein’s Anomaly
Normal oxygen saturations in the heart?
Right side + pulmonary artery - >75%
Left side + aorta - >98%
Absent mitral valve and enlarged right atria and ventricle?
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Which conditions cause pansystlic murmurs?
VSD
Mitral Regurgitation
What are the characteristics of PDA?
Continuous machinery like murmur
Occasionally can be heard as a systolic and diastolic murmur
Wide pulse pressure
What is the surgical management of a Transposition of the Great Arteries with a large VSD?
Pulmonary artery banding followed by an arterial switch operation
Which cardiac conditions can present with dual murmurs?
PDA
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Regurgitation
What is the murmur of mitral regurgitation like?
Pansystolic murmur heard loudest over the apex and radiating to the axilla
What complications can maternal diabetes cause in the neonate?
Hypoglycaemia
Surfactant deficiency
Polycythaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Congenital Heart Disease
What does the presence of PiZZ phenotype suggest?
Alpha-1-antitrypisin Deficinecy
Precordial thrill and a (pan)systolic murmur?
VSD
Small VSD - loud murmur and thrill
Large VSD - quiet murmur
What are the possible causes of constrictive pericarditis?
Tuberculosis
Post cardiac surgical complications
Viral infections
What are the operations for Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
Norwood - Glenn - Fontane
What is the treatment of choice for co-arctation of the aorta?
Subclavian Flap Repair
Gallop rhythm?
Ebstein’s Anomaly
Risk factors for developing PDA?
Birth asphyxia
Fetal distress
Meconium stained fluid
Down syndrome
Cord entanglement
HIE
Maternal infection
Oligohydramnios
What is the murmur in PDA?
Continuous machinery like murmur
Wide pulse pressure
What is the management of PDA?
Term babies - indomethacin is ineffective, closure after 1 year with cardiac catheterisation
Preterm babies - ibuprofen preferable to indomethacin (due to reduced risk of NEC)
Which heart conditions is Turner syndrome most associated with?
Bicuspid aortic valves
Coarctation of the aorta
Snowman sign on CXR?
TAPVD
What does a fourth heart sound signify?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
What is the function of the ductus venosus?
Shunts left umbilical vein blood to the IVC hence bypassing the fetal liver
Which protein is affected in Marfan syndrome?
Fibrillin
What is the main congenital heart defect in turners syndrome?
Bicuspid aortic valves
Coarctation of the aorta
Which genetic conditions are associated with pulmonary atresia with VSD?
VACTERL
Aligille syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
Trisomy 21
A VSD forms from which embryological structure?
Endocardial cushions
What is responsible for the closure of the ductus arteriosus?
Reduced prostaglandin levels in the blood at birth and increased oxygen tension following delivery
Where do the arterial baroreceptors lie?
Carotid sinus and aortic arch
Increased pulmonary vascular markings?
Total anomalous venous pulmonary drainage
Transposition of the great arteries
Truncus Arteriosus
Large AVSD
Reduced pulmonary vascular markings?
ToF
Double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis
Single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis
Ebstein anomaly with ASD
