Haematology and Oncology - TAS Flashcards
WWhich rash is associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome?
Livedo Reticularis
What is the treatment of ITP?
Conservative management - apt bloods in 10 days
Tx w/ high dose steroid therapy if mucosal bleeding is present
IVIg or platelet transfusion can be used if life threatening/ intracranial bleeding present
Which condition generally presents with petechiae, bruising or purpura developing over a 24-48 hour period?
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Which medication has been shown to reduce the frequency of hospital admissions with bone pain in patients with sickle cell anaemia?
Hydroxyurea (a myelosuppressive agent?
What are Heinz bodies on a blood film suggestive of?
G6PD
Which condition presents with anaemia, jaundice and haemoglobinurea secondary to minutes/ hours of cold exposure?
Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinurea
Investigations for Ataxia Telengectasia?
Raised alpha-fetoprotein
Raised CEA levels
Immunoglobulin levels - generally low
Lymphocyte subsets
What is the preventative treatment for tumour lysis syndrome in patients who are at high risk?
Hydration (2-3 litres/ day)
Rasburicase (a recombinant uric oxidase)
Lytic lesions in the bone diaphysis suggests?
Ewing sarcoma
Lytic lesions in the bone metaphysis suggests?
Osteosarcoma
Scurvy is a deficiency of what?
Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C)
Name one of the most likely causes of neonatal jaundice in a child of Meditteranean descent?
G6PD
Hypersegmented neutrophils are most commonly seen in?
Folate deficiency and B12 deficiency
Which medication is a cause of haemolysis in G6PD deficiency?
Co-trimoxazole
Name the 4 tumours of the posterior fossa?
Brainstem glioma
Ependymoma
Astrocytoma
Medulloblastoma
Haemophilia A is a deficiency of which factor?
Factor VIII
Haemophilia B is a deficiency of which factor?
Factor IX
Prolonged bleeding time and prolonged APTT?
Von Willebrand Deficiency
Normal bleeding time, normal PT, prolonged APTT?
Haemophilia
A benign bone tumour, the pain from which classically improves with NSAIDs?
Osteoid Osteoma
Splenectomy immunisations?
Meningococcal vaccine
Influenza vaccine
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (in over 2 yrs)
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (in under 2 yrs)
For which three diseases is bone marrow transplant potentially curative?
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
SCID
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
Causes of microcytic anaemia?
Iron deficiency anaemia
Thalassaemia
Chronic disease
Sideroblastic Anaemia
Lead poisoning
Causes of normocytic anaemia?
Anaemia of chronic disease
Haemolysis
Causes of macrocytic anaemia?
B12 and folate deficiency
Aplastic anaemia/ bone marrow failure
Hypothyroidism
Alcohol
Liver disease
Myelodysplasia
Target cells on a blood film are a sign of?
Iron deficiency anaemia
Hyposplenism (post-splenectomy)
Haemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease or thalassaemia)
Anisocytosis (variation in the size of the erythrocytes) on a blood film is a sign of?
Iron deficiency anaemia
Megaloblastic anaemia
Thalassaemia
Howell-Jolly bodies (dense nuclear round remnants) on a blood film are a sign of?
Beta-thalassaemia
Post-splenectomy
Spherocytes on blood film suggest?
Hereditary spherocytosis
Immune Haemolytic anaemia
Severe burns
Post Transfusion
Basophilic Stippling on a blood film suggests?
Lead Poisoning
Beta thalassaemia
Painless lymphadenopathy, raised ESR, eosinophilia and Reed Steinberg cells (owl eye appearance)?
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
What medications should be avoided in G6PD deficiency?
Fava beans
Naphthalene Gas
Aspirin
Co-trimoxazole
Chloroquine
Nitrofurantoin
Ascorbic acid
What is G6PD?
An x-linked condition - G6PD typically maintains glutathione in a reduced state and protects red blood cells from entering an oxidative state
What is the surgical prophylaxis for Von Willebrand Disease?
Desmopressin - increases the release of VWF and factor VIII
What part of the brain does the medulloblastoma arise from?
Cerebellum
What are the possible causes of mediastinal masses?
Thymus
Thyroid
Teratoma
Terrible Lymphoma
What do the bloods in tumour lysis syndrome show?
Raised potassium, raised phosphate, low calcium and raised urate
What are the four features of Thalassaemia?
Target Cells
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Anisocytes
Low MCV
What is the most common childhood cancer?
ALL
What is Schwachman-Black syndrome?
Exocrine pancreatic enzyme deficiency
Bone marrow hypoplasia/ aplasia
Constitutional short stature
What is Diamond Blackfan anaemia?
Inherited pure red cell aplasia
Normocytic or macrocytic anaemia
Congenital abnormalities - craniofacial, urogenital, skeletal
Requires multiple packed red cell transfusions resulting in needed oral chelator due to iron overload secondary to multiple transfusions
What are the blood film findings post-splenectomy?
Target cells
Howell jolly bodies
Heinz bodies
Pappenheimer bodies
Thrombocytosis
Contracted, smaller red blood cells
Increase in leukocytes
What virus causes kaposi sarcoma?
Human herpes virus 8
Most common adverse reaction to packed red cells?
Pyrexia
Most common adverse reaction to FFP?
Urticaria
What gene is responsible for regulating cell cycle i.e. preventing entry in S phase until DNA has been checked and repaired?
p53
Which condition has a substitution of valine for glutamic acid (position 6 on the beta chain)?
Sickle cells disease
What is the order of mitosis?
Prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Haemoglobin A =
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
Haemoglobin A2 =
2 alpha and 2 delta chains
The osmotic fragility test is positive in which conditions?
Thalassaemia and Hereditary spherocytosis
Which cells do glioma’s originate from?
Neuroglial cells
Antiphospholipid syndrome is associated with which antibodies?
Anti-cardiolipin antibodies
What stimulates platelet production?
Thrombopoietin
What is Bernard-Soulier syndrome a deficiency of?
Glycoprotein complex Ib-IX-V
Which substance keeps the blood soluble and prevents platelet activation in normal conditions?
Prostacyclin
Which clotting factors are most rapidly consumed in DIC?
Factor V + VIIII
Associated with haemophilia C?
Noonan syndrome
