Nephrology Flashcards
What are the prerenal causes of AKI?
dehydration
shock - sepsis, blood loss
renal artery stenosis - often triggered by ACEi/NSAIDS
What are the intrinsic renal causes of AKI?
INTRINSIC Ischaemia Nephrotoxic Abx Tablets ( NSAIDS, ACEi) Radiological contrast Injury (rhabdomyolysis) Negatively birefringent crystals Syndromes (glomerulonephritis) Inflammation (vasculitis) Cholesterol emboli
What are some postrenal causes of AKI?
Lumen: sloughed papilla or stone
In wall: tumour (renal cell, transitional cell), fibrosis
External pressure: BPH, prostate ca, aneurysm, lymphadenopathy
Indications for dialysis?
MUH FC metabolic acidosis [pH<7.1] uraemic symptoms [encephalopathy, nausea, pruritic, malaise, pericarditis] hyperkalaemia fluid overload CKD stage 5 [GFR <15]
what are the types of peritoneal dialysis?
CAPD - continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
APD - automated peritoneal dialysis
what sort of catheter is used for peritoneal dialysis
Tenckhoff catheter
what are the complications of an AV fistula?
thrombosis, stenosis, infection, bleeding, aneurysm, steal syndrome
what are the complications of a tesio line?
sepsis, peritonitis, DIC, fluid overload, DDS
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome = cerebral oedema
what is a tesio line?
central line to internal jugular and right atrium, tunnelled under skin with two lumens entering skin
what is a swan gantz line and where is the entry point?
3 lumen line into subclavian vein
what technique is used to insert lines?
seldinger
LA + US guidance
CXR
which drugs can be used for immunosuppression in transplant?
calcineurin inhibitors
anti-proliferative (MMF, azathioprine)
steroids
Which HLAs are most important to match before transplant?
DR>B>A
Complications of transplant?
surgical
anaesthetic
transplant (failure or rejection)
immunosuppression (GvHD, SCC)
What are the types of rejection?
Hyper acute (<24h)
Acute (<6m)
Chronic (>6m)
RFs for hyper acute rejection?
previous blood transfusion, previous transplant, multiple pregnancies
Mx acute rejection?
antibody mediated: IVIG plasmapheresis anti-CD20 anti-c5
T cell mediated: (more common)
steroids
OKT3
ATG
Intrinsic causes of ARF?
vasculitis: small vessel - HUS, TTP, DIC, GPA, eGPA/ large vessel - renal artery/vein thrombosis
glomerulonephritis: minimal change (children), membranous
ATN
AIN/interstitial nephritis: drugs (75%)/ rash, fever, eosinophilia, sterile pyuria, nephrotic syndrome
how to differentiate between pre-renal and intrinsic renal AKI?
URINARY SODIUM
pre-renal:<20 (low as kidneys hold on to sodium)
intrisinc [ATN]: >40 (ischaemia of tubules means loss of sodium)
Which drugs may precipitate AKI?
DAMN Diurtics ACEi/ARB Metformin NSAIDs
what are the CKD stages?
eGFR stage 1: >90 + other signs damage stage 2: 60-90 + other signs damange stage 3a: 45-60 stage 3b: 30-45 stage 4: 15-30 stage 5: <15
In CKD when should routine referral to nephrology be made?
eGFR <30mL/min/1.73m^2
eGFR decrease >25% or >15ml/min in 12m
Management of CKD?
Diet: reduce phosphate, Na, K, fluid restrict. AvoidETOH, tea, coffee, chocolate and banana
PO binders- sevelamar (binds and prevents absorption)
Vit D
Parathyroidectomy (rarely)
Mx CKD
ACEi
Ix CKD?
ACR
>3mg/mmol + diabetes
>30mg/mmol + HTN
>70mg/mmol
Consequences of CKD?
- failure of homeostatic function: acidosis, hyperkalaemia
- failure of hormonal function: anaemia, renal bone disease
- cardiovascular disease: vascular calcification, renal osteodystrophy
- uraemic cardiomyopathy
Screening for PCKD?
ABDOMINAL USS
>=2 cysts age <30
>= 2 cysts in both kidneys age 30-59
>=4 cysts in both kidneys >60
Features of PCKD?
liver cysts
berry aneurysms
mitral valve prolapse
renal failure signs
Mx PCKD?
tolvaptan (slows progresion)
what are the features of ADPKD1?
85% CASES
Chr16 (PKD1 gene)
presents earlier with renal failure
what are the features of ADPKD2?
15% cases
Chr4 (PKD2 GENE)