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ABD 313 > Neoplastic Diseases > Flashcards

Neoplastic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common benign tumour of the liver?

A

Hemangioma

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2
Q

What is a hemangioma?

A

A small mass of blood capillaries that usually appear well defined, homogenous and hyperechoic (may have heterogenous, hypoechoic center)

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3
Q

How big are hemangiomas?

A

Small, typically less than 3 cm

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4
Q

What neoplasms affect women more often and why?

A
  • Hemangioma
  • Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

The are influenced by hormones

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5
Q

When may hemangiomas increase in size?

A

Pregnancy or estrogen therapy

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6
Q

What is done when a hemagioma is found?

A

6 month follow up to detect changes

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7
Q

What is the name of the neoplasm that is defined as a “hyperplastic lesion containing normal liver tissue”?

A

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

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8
Q

How big are focal nodular hyperplasia neoplasms?

A

Less than 8 cm

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9
Q

How do focal nodular hyperplasia neoplasms appear on US?

A

Subtle, “stealth lesions”, with a central area of decreased echogenicity and doppler flow centrally

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10
Q

What nuc med test can detect focal nodular hyperplasia neoplasms and what is the result?

A

Sulpher colloid scan

“Hot or warm”

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11
Q

What neoplasm has a similar appearance to focal nodular hyperplasia but is less common?

A

Adenoma

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12
Q

What neoplasm of the liver is linked to oral contraceptives?

A

Adenomas

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13
Q

What disease is adenoma linked to?

A

Type 1 GSD

AKA:

Von Gierke’s disease

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14
Q

What is type 1 GSD or von Gierke’s disease?

A

Glycogen storage disease where glycogen builds up in body tissues

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15
Q

Why can adenomas be dangerous?

A

The can hemorrhage or infarct

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16
Q

How do adenomas appear on US?

A

Non-specific, usually hyperechoic but can be variable, doppler shows central flow

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17
Q

How big are adenomas?

A

Large, 8-15 cm

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18
Q

How do adenomas appear on sulfur colloid scans?

A

“Cold”

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19
Q

What rare benign neoplasm has a very similar appearance to a hemangioma?

A

Lipoma

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20
Q

What other tests are used to assess benign neoplasms of the liver?

A
  • Contrast CT or MRI
  • Red blood cell scintigraphy
  • Sulpher Colloid scans-nuclear medicine
  • Micro bubble enhance US
  • Biopsy
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21
Q

For what benign liver neoplasm is surgery recommended and why?

A

Adenoma because of their large size and tendancy to hemorrhage

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22
Q

What are the benign neoplasms of the spleen?

A
  1. Cavernous hemangioma
  2. Hamartoma
  3. Lymphangioma
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23
Q

What is the most common benign neoplasm of the spleen?

A

Cavernous hemangioma

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24
Q

What benign neoplasm of the spleen is congenital?

A

Cavernous hemangioma

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25
Q

How do cavernous hemangiomas appear on US?

A

Variable, hyperechoic to complex with cystic degeneration

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26
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

A rare, benign neoplasm of the spleen involving the lymphoid tissue

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27
Q

How do hamartomas appear on US?

A

Homogenous, solid, echogenic and not-encapsulated.

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28
Q

What benign neoplasm of the spleen is the result or a rare lymphatic malformation?

A

Lymphangioma

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29
Q

How do lymphangiomas appear on US?

A

Variable

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30
Q

What is cystic lymphangiomyomatosis?

A

A benign, multi-loculated cystic mass of the spleen (multiple walls/sepatations)

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31
Q

Are adenomas of the gallbladder true neoplasms?

A

Yes

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32
Q

How do adenomas of the GB appear on US?

A

Pedunculated, hyperechoic and homogenous, hypovascular

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33
Q

How big are adenomas of the gall bladder?

A

Less than 10 mm

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34
Q

What does pedunculated mean?

A

Polyps or stalks

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35
Q

What neoplasm is an accumulation of cholesterol in the GB wall?

A

Cholesterolosis

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36
Q

What are the types of cholesterolosis?

A
  1. Cholesterolosis (strawberry GB)

2. Cholesterol polyps

37
Q

How do cholesterolosis appear on US?

A

Multiple non-shadowing masses (“seeds”) fixed to GB wall

Strawberry GB

38
Q

What bening neoplasm of the GB looks identical to adenomas but is more likely?

A

Cholesterol polyp

39
Q

Can you differentiate between adenomas cholesterol polyps on US?

40
Q

What benign neoplasm is an exaggeration of the RA sinuses?

A

Adenomyomatosis

41
Q

What is adenomyomatosis a proliferation of?

A

The smooth muscle wall of the GB

42
Q

Where is adenomyomatosis most commonly located?

A

The GB fundus

43
Q

If the mid-portion of the GB is affected by adenomyomatosis how does the GB appear?

A

“Hourglass” shaped

44
Q

What benign neoplasm is marked by the comet tail artifact?

A

Adenomyomatosis appears as hyperechoic foci in the GB wall with comet tail

45
Q

What are adenomyomas?

A

Focal, mass like area of adenomyomatosis

46
Q

What is the most common benign neoplasm of the pancreas?

A

Islet cell tumors

47
Q

Are islet cell tumors benign or malignant?

A

Can be either

48
Q

Are benign islet cell tumors functioning?

A

Yes,

Benign = functioning

Malignant = Non-functioning

49
Q

What is the most common type of islet cell tumor?

A

Bening Insulinoma (located in body or tail)

50
Q

How do islet cell tumors appear on US?

A

Well encapsulated, solid, hypoechoic (large ones may be slightly echogenic), variable in size

51
Q

What is another name for renal hamartoma?

A

Angiomyolipoma (AML)

52
Q

Where are angiomyolipomas located?

A

In the renal cortex

53
Q

What are angiomyolipomas composed of?

A

Fat, muscle, and blood vessels

54
Q

Who most commonly has angiomyolipomas?

A

Middle aged females

55
Q

How do angiomyolipomas appear on US?

A

Hyperechoic, well defined, usually unilateral, low blood flow

56
Q

What can angiomyolipmas mimic?

57
Q

What benign neoplasm is associated with tuberous sclerosis?

A

Angiomyolipoma (when bilateral and multiple)

58
Q

What is tuberous sclerosis?

A

Condition of “fits and zits”, seizures and benign skin growths

59
Q

What is the diff between adenoma and oncocytoma of the kidney?

A

Adenoma = less than 3 cm

Oncocytoma = Greater than 3 cm

60
Q

Do adenoma/oncocytoma give symptoms?

A

Possible hematuria and pain

61
Q

Who do adenoma/oncocytoma more commonly affect?

A

Males in the 6th and 7th decades

62
Q

What may adenoma/oncocytoma mimic?

63
Q

How do adenomas/oncocytoma appear?

A

Well defined, hypoechoic or isoechoic

64
Q

Where do adenomas of the adrenal gland arise from?

A

Adenal cortex

65
Q

Are adenomas of the adrenal gland functioning?

A

Hyperfunctioning or non-functioning

66
Q

What can hyperfunctioning adenomas of the adrenal gland result in?

A

Endocrine abnormalities such as:

  1. Cushings syndrome
  2. Conn’s disease
67
Q

What is Conn;s disease due to?

A

Excess aldosterone due to endocrine abnormality from hyperfunctioning adenoma of the adrenal glad

68
Q

What are myelolipoma?

A

A rare, non-functioning neoplasm of the adrenal gland

69
Q

What benign neoplasm of the adrenal gland may arise from the zona fasciculate?

A

Myelolipoma

70
Q

Who does mylolipoma mor commonly affect?

A

Males equal to females in the 5th and 6th decades

71
Q

How do myelolipomas appear on US?

A

Hyperechoic

72
Q

How big are myelolipomas?

A

Less than 5 cm

73
Q

What artifact are myelolipomas marked by?

A

Propogation speed artifact (broken diaphragm)

74
Q

What is the benign neoplasm of the adrenal gland that is a hyperfunctioning tumor or the medulla?

A

Pheochromocytoma

75
Q

What symptoms accompany pheochromocytoma?

A

Hypertension, palpitations, tachycardia, excessive sweating, urinary catecholamines elevated

76
Q

Who does phenochromocytoma most commonly affect?

A

4th and 5th decade, right more common than left

77
Q

What diseases is pheochromocytoma associated with?

A

Tuberous sclerosis and MEN syndrome

78
Q

What is MEN syndrome?

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (multiple tumors in the endocrine glands)

79
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of phenochromocytoma?

A

Solid, unilaterl encapsulated, hypoechoic

80
Q

How big are pheochromocytoma?

A

Less than 2 cm

81
Q

What do desmoid tumours arise from?

A

Connective tissue in the abdominal wall

82
Q

What is the most common tumour of the abdominal wall?

83
Q

Where are desmoids usually located?

A

Anterior abdominal wall (at surgical or lapriscopic site)

84
Q

What are desmoids associated to?

A

Post-partum

85
Q

Who do desmoids affect?

A

More often females, 20-40 years old

86
Q

How do desmoids appear on US?

A

Hypoechoic, homogenous that grow slowly but infiltrate locally

87
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

A benign neoplasm of the abdominal wall composed of fat that is mobile, soft and compressible

88
Q

How do lipomas appear on US?

A

Slightly echogenic to highly echogenic

89
Q

Malignancies still have to be done

ABD 313 (11 decks)

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