Neoplasms Flashcards
normal weight of prostate
20g
base of prostate is continuous with
bladder neck
apex of prostate is continuous with
striated sphincter
elevation in the wall of the urethra near the entrance of the ejaculatory ducts into the prostatic urethra
verumontanum
zone in pprostate that is around the urethra and proximal to the verumontanum
transitional
cone region of prostate around the ejaculatory ducts
central zone
peripheral zone of prostate lies ___
70% of __ arise here
posteriolateral
prostate adenocarcinoma
peak incidence age of prostate ca =
70-74yo
PR of prostate cancer
asymmetrical
nodule
fixed craggy mass
PSA is a ____ produced by prostate secretory epithelial cells
involved in
kalikrein-like serine protease
liquefaction of semen
in health PSA levels are __ in semen and __ in serum
in prostate cancer are __ in serum
high semen and low serum
high serum
other causes of raised PSA other than prostate ca
BPH prostatitis/ UTI retention catheterisation PR
TRUS biopsy for prostate visualises it in + sections
roughly __ taken
transverse and sagittal
10-12
> 95% of prostate cancers are
multifocal adenocarcinoma
scoring for prostate grading
Gleasons scoring
imaging to stage prostate cancer =
MRI CT and bone scan
management of organ confined prostate cancer
watchful waiting
symptomatic
management of locally advanced prostate cancer
radio + hormonal therapy
watchful waiting
hormones for palliation
management of metastatic prostate cancer
androgen deprivation therapy (LHRH analogues/anti-androgens or bilateral subcapsular orchidectomy or max androgen blockade)
diethylstilbesterol/steroids
chemo
hormonal control for prostate cancer
anti-androgens given 1 wk before and 2 wks before give LHRH agonists
side effects of LHRH in prostate cancer therapy
loss of libido ED hot flushes wt gain gynaecomastia anaemia cog changes osteoporosis
steroidal antiandrogen =
SEs =
cyproterone acetate loss of libido ED gynaecomastia hepatic and CV tox
non-steroidal antiandrogens =
SEs =
nilutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide
keep libido but gynaecomastia, hep tox, breast pain and hot flashes
2 types of TCC =
80% papillary - 50% are infiltrative
20% non-papillary - all malig
imaging for bladder cancer
excretory urogram sonography retrograde pyelogram CT angiography
papillary type TCC shows a ___ appearance
stippled
for diagnosis of TCC bladder Ix =
CT urography and cystoscopy
3 benign renal tumours
renal cysts
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
treatment for angiomyolipoma
embolisation
oncocytoma appearance on CT
central scar (necrosis) in kidney
Renal cell carcinoma
peak age:
M:F
inherited disorder ass with it =
65-75yo
M2:1F
VHL
adenocarcinoma of the PCT ie
Renal cell carcinoma
classic triad of late presentation renal cell carcinoma
loin pain
renal mass
haematuria
paraneoplastic syndromes ass with renal cell carcinoma
hypercalcaemia
hbp
anaemia
wt loss
4 sites that renal cell carcinomas metastasise to
lung
liver
brain
bone
4 Sx options for Renal Cell carcinoma
radical nephrectomy
partial nephrectomy
radiofrequency ablation
cryoablation
pre malignant cutaneous lesions of the penis
leukoplakia
balanitis xerotica obliterans / lichenus sclerosus et atrophicus
appearance of balanitis xerotica obliterans
affects where?
white patches fissuring bleeding scarring affects: prepuce, glans and urethra
treatment for balannitis xerotica obliterans
circumcision
glans resurface
meatal stenosis requires dilatation
squamous carcinoma in situ of penis
Erythroplasia of Queyrat (glans/prepuce/shaft)
Bowen’s (any other part)
= red velvety patches that persist
treatment of carcinoma in situ of penis
circumcision (if prepuce only)
topical 5 fluorouracil
presentation of penile carcinoma
red raised lesion
phimosis
fungating mass
foul smelling
peak age for penile squamous carcinoma =
ass with which virus
Rx =
80yo
HPV 16
Sx, radio, lymphadenectomy
2ndry cancers that affeect the testicles
lymphoma
leukaemia
mets
peak age for testicular cancer
20-35yo
