Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

kidneys lie in __ gutters of posterior abdo wall

A

paravertebral

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2
Q

Left renal hilum lies at __ level

A

L1

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3
Q

right renal hilum lies at ___ level

A

L1/2

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4
Q

contents of renal hilum =

A

renal pelvis, renal artery and vein
lymphatics
nerve
renal sinus fat

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5
Q

US can be used on the kidneys for

A
calculi
renal size
cortical scarring
distension of pelvicalyceal system
doppler
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6
Q

complication of renal contrast CT =

A

contrast induced nephropathy

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7
Q

contrast induced nephropathy (after contrast CT) =

A

impaired renal function within 3 days of IV contrast - raised serum creatinine and urea usually peaks 72-96hrs after contrast

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8
Q

risk factors for contrast induced nephropathy (after contrast CT)

A
renal impairment +/- diabetes mellitus
dehydration
CCF
LVEF <40%
acute MI
nephrotoxic Dx
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9
Q

eGFR must be __ before given CT contrast
__ before and after contrast
Na __ given to prevent ___ pre and post contrast
to prevent contrast induced nephropathy

A

<60
saline
bicarbonate - urine alkalisation - prevents O2 free radicals

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10
Q

complication of Renal contrast MRI

A

nephrogenic systemic sclerosis

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11
Q

nephrogenic systemic sclerosis (after contrast MRI) =

A

severe systemic fibrosing disorder ass with exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast

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12
Q

signs of nephrogenic systemic sclerosis (after contrast MRI) =

A

initial skin erythema, pruritis + pain =>
neuropathic sympts, joint contractures, respiratory insufficiency and muscular atrophy
time => skin thickens = wood like

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13
Q

complication of contrast MRI that causes wood like skin

A

nephrogenic systemic sclerosis

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14
Q

3 spaces in retroperitoneum that are around the kidney

A

anterior pararenal space
perirenal (lateral to kidney)
posterior pararenal (lateral to perirenal and posterior too)

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15
Q

preirenal space is enclosed in __+__ renal fascia

A

anterior (Gerota’s)

posterior (Zucerkandel’s)

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16
Q

pre contrast renal CT is best to see

17
Q

corticomedullary stage of contrast CT = __ enhancement __-__s after contrast given

A

cortical

25-70

18
Q

nephrographic stage of contrast CT = __-__s after contrast given = + enhancement

A

80-180s

medulla and cortex (equally)

19
Q

excretory stage of contrast CT = _-_mins after contrast given
opacification of __+__

A

5-15

renal collecting system and ureters

20
Q

stages in sequential order of contrast CT

A

pre-contrast
cortico-medullary
nephrographic
excretory

21
Q

CT urogram is used to image ++_

A

collecting system
ureters
bladder

22
Q

base and apex of bladder which is post and which is ant

A
base = posterior
apex = anterior
23
Q

+ muscles lie inferolateral to bladder

A

OBTURATOR INTERNUS

LEVATOR

24
Q

commonest technique to image bladder =

25
use of US for bladder =
volumetric assessment (full and empty) visualise internal calculi bladder wall irregularities diverticula
26
gold standard Ix for leak through torn bladder wall
cystography
27
CT urogram is gold standard Ix for
nodal and metastatic disease staging
28
MRI T1 and 2 images of bladder are gold standard Ix for
local tumour staging
29
male urethra segments in order
prostatic membranous bulbous penile
30
urethrogram is used to visualise
strictures trauma diverticula
31
US of genitals is used for _+_+_+_+_
imaging scrotum, testes, uterus, ovaries | prostate biopsies
32
contrast from a hysterosalpingogram can spill into __
peritoneum
33
Ix used for prostate cancer local staging
MRI
34
infolding of tunica albuginea
mediastinum testis