Imaging Flashcards
kidneys lie in __ gutters of posterior abdo wall
paravertebral
Left renal hilum lies at __ level
L1
right renal hilum lies at ___ level
L1/2
contents of renal hilum =
renal pelvis, renal artery and vein
lymphatics
nerve
renal sinus fat
US can be used on the kidneys for
calculi renal size cortical scarring distension of pelvicalyceal system doppler
complication of renal contrast CT =
contrast induced nephropathy
contrast induced nephropathy (after contrast CT) =
impaired renal function within 3 days of IV contrast - raised serum creatinine and urea usually peaks 72-96hrs after contrast
risk factors for contrast induced nephropathy (after contrast CT)
renal impairment +/- diabetes mellitus dehydration CCF LVEF <40% acute MI nephrotoxic Dx
eGFR must be __ before given CT contrast
__ before and after contrast
Na __ given to prevent ___ pre and post contrast
to prevent contrast induced nephropathy
<60
saline
bicarbonate - urine alkalisation - prevents O2 free radicals
complication of Renal contrast MRI
nephrogenic systemic sclerosis
nephrogenic systemic sclerosis (after contrast MRI) =
severe systemic fibrosing disorder ass with exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast
signs of nephrogenic systemic sclerosis (after contrast MRI) =
initial skin erythema, pruritis + pain =>
neuropathic sympts, joint contractures, respiratory insufficiency and muscular atrophy
time => skin thickens = wood like
complication of contrast MRI that causes wood like skin
nephrogenic systemic sclerosis
3 spaces in retroperitoneum that are around the kidney
anterior pararenal space
perirenal (lateral to kidney)
posterior pararenal (lateral to perirenal and posterior too)
preirenal space is enclosed in __+__ renal fascia
anterior (Gerota’s)
posterior (Zucerkandel’s)
pre contrast renal CT is best to see
calculi
corticomedullary stage of contrast CT = __ enhancement __-__s after contrast given
cortical
25-70
nephrographic stage of contrast CT = __-__s after contrast given = + enhancement
80-180s
medulla and cortex (equally)
excretory stage of contrast CT = _-_mins after contrast given
opacification of __+__
5-15
renal collecting system and ureters
stages in sequential order of contrast CT
pre-contrast
cortico-medullary
nephrographic
excretory
CT urogram is used to image ++_
collecting system
ureters
bladder
base and apex of bladder which is post and which is ant
base = posterior apex = anterior
+ muscles lie inferolateral to bladder
OBTURATOR INTERNUS
LEVATOR
commonest technique to image bladder =
US
use of US for bladder =
volumetric assessment (full and empty)
visualise internal calculi
bladder wall irregularities
diverticula
gold standard Ix for leak through torn bladder wall
cystography
CT urogram is gold standard Ix for
nodal and metastatic disease staging
MRI T1 and 2 images of bladder are gold standard Ix for
local tumour staging
male urethra segments in order
prostatic
membranous
bulbous
penile
urethrogram is used to visualise
strictures
trauma
diverticula
US of genitals is used for ++++_
imaging scrotum, testes, uterus, ovaries
prostate biopsies
contrast from a hysterosalpingogram can spill into __
peritoneum
Ix used for prostate cancer local staging
MRI
infolding of tunica albuginea
mediastinum testis
