Neoplasms

Question 1

neoplasm

Answer 1

proliferation of cells triggered by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell and its clonal progeny

not programmed process
not normal part of development
not to replace damaged cell

result of mistakes

Question 2

neoplastic changes can be genetic or epigenetic

Answer 2

ok

Question 3

hypertrophy

Answer 3

increased size of cells. adaptive response.

Question 4

hyperplasia

Answer 4

increased number of cells

ex goiter

still an adaptive response and not a neoplasm

Question 5

metaplasia

Answer 5

change from one cell type to another in a specific location

ex. barrets esophagus

not a neoplasm

Question 6

hamartoma

Answer 6

normal elements for the site but an abnormal arrangements- it is a neoplasm

eg. pulmonary hamartoma

benign

Question 7

choristoma

Answer 7

cells that you don’t expect to be at a specific site

not a neoplasm

Question 8

cancer

Answer 8

malignant tumors that can invade and destroy adjacent strucutres and spread to distant sites and cause death

Question 9

carcinoma

Answer 9

malignancy of epithelium

80% of call cancers

arises from all 3 germ layers

Question 10

sarcoma

Answer 10

mesenchymal tumors

Question 11

lymphoma

Answer 11

malignancy in lymphoid tissues

Question 12

leukemia

Answer 12

malignancy of bone marrow derived cells

Question 13

mixed tumor

Answer 13

divergent differentiation of single neoplastic clone

Question 14

teratoma

Answer 14

tumor contains recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues belonging to more than one germ cell layer

Question 15

how do most cancers progress

Answer 15

occur over the course of years where genetic events slowly accumulate thru various severities of dysplasia

Question 16

dysplasia

Answer 16

pertains only to epithelia

premalignant change

Question 17

different cancers had different patterns of mestastais and blood flow patterns are an important determinant for that

Answer 17

ok

Question 18

malignant histologic features

Answer 18

pleomorphism- variation of size and shape

hyperchromasia- increased density of nuclear chromatin

chromatin distribution- clumbed, condensed along nuclear membrane

nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

abnormal mitoses

loss of polarity

Question 19

morphologic features cannot predict biologic behavior

Answer 19

an innocent face may mask an ugly nature

morphologic features are on a continuum, and it can be difficult to tell in the middle of the continuum if the change is malignant

Question 20

degree of differentiation

Answer 20

extent to which neoplastic cells mimic their terminally differentiated counterparts is indicative of malignancy

Question 21

grade and stage

Answer 21

grade- degree of differentiation, number of mitoses, necrosis

stage- TNM (size, sites involved, metastasis). more predictive than grade

Question 22

growth rate

Answer 22

determined by doubling time of cells, fraction of cells doubling, and death of cells

Question 23

inumberable exceptions

Answer 23

GIST- gastrointestinal stromal tumors

very small and differentiated, but metastic

papillary thyroid carcinoma- most pts die with it