Neoplasms Flashcards
neoplasm
proliferation of cells triggered by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell and its clonal progeny
not programmed process
not normal part of development
not to replace damaged cell
result of mistakes
neoplastic changes can be genetic or epigenetic
ok
hypertrophy
increased size of cells. adaptive response.
hyperplasia
increased number of cells
ex goiter
still an adaptive response and not a neoplasm
metaplasia
change from one cell type to another in a specific location
ex. barrets esophagus
not a neoplasm
hamartoma
normal elements for the site but an abnormal arrangements- it is a neoplasm
eg. pulmonary hamartoma
benign
choristoma
cells that you don’t expect to be at a specific site
not a neoplasm
cancer
malignant tumors that can invade and destroy adjacent strucutres and spread to distant sites and cause death
carcinoma
malignancy of epithelium
80% of call cancers
arises from all 3 germ layers
sarcoma
mesenchymal tumors
lymphoma
malignancy in lymphoid tissues
leukemia
malignancy of bone marrow derived cells
mixed tumor
divergent differentiation of single neoplastic clone
teratoma
tumor contains recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues belonging to more than one germ cell layer
how do most cancers progress
occur over the course of years where genetic events slowly accumulate thru various severities of dysplasia
dysplasia
pertains only to epithelia
premalignant change
different cancers had different patterns of mestastais and blood flow patterns are an important determinant for that
ok
malignant histologic features
pleomorphism- variation of size and shape
hyperchromasia- increased density of nuclear chromatin
chromatin distribution- clumbed, condensed along nuclear membrane
nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
abnormal mitoses
loss of polarity
morphologic features cannot predict biologic behavior
an innocent face may mask an ugly nature
morphologic features are on a continuum, and it can be difficult to tell in the middle of the continuum if the change is malignant
degree of differentiation
extent to which neoplastic cells mimic their terminally differentiated counterparts is indicative of malignancy
grade and stage
grade- degree of differentiation, number of mitoses, necrosis
stage- TNM (size, sites involved, metastasis). more predictive than grade
growth rate
determined by doubling time of cells, fraction of cells doubling, and death of cells
inumberable exceptions
GIST- gastrointestinal stromal tumors
very small and differentiated, but metastic
papillary thyroid carcinoma- most pts die with it
