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Clin med neurology > neoplasms > Flashcards

neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

What does a carcinoma arise from

A

epithelial cells

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2
Q

What group of cancers are most common

A

carcinoma

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3
Q

What are the types of carcinomas

A

adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma

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4
Q

What do sarcomas arise from

A

connective tissue cells
-bone
-cartilage
-fat
-tendon/muscle

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5
Q

What are the types of sarcomas

A

osteosarcoma
myosarcoma
chondrosarcoma
Liposarcoma

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6
Q

What do blastomas arise from

A

Immature cells of the cell line “-blast”

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7
Q

What are the types of blastomas

A

glioblastoma
hepatoblastoma
retinoblastoma

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8
Q

What are the primary tumors that can arise in children only

A

Medulloblastomas
ependymomas

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9
Q

What types of primary brain tumors can occur in adults only

A

Meningiomas

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10
Q

Where in the brain are pediatric tumors typically found

A

infratentorial

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11
Q

What is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults

A

Glioblastoma

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12
Q

What is the most common benign brain tumor in adults

A

meningioma

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13
Q

What WHO score is considered low grade

A

1 and 2

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14
Q

What WHO score is considered high grade

A

3 and 4

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15
Q

What is the gold standard when imaging a CNS neoplasm

A

MRI

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16
Q

If a tumor enhances with contrast on CT, what is it indicative of

A

Chemo can get through the BBB

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17
Q

what are some ways you can manage a CNS neoplasm

A

Control cerebral edema w/ steroids
-dexamethasone

ASM if applicable

CSF shunt hydrocephalus

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18
Q

Which gender is more likely to have meningiomas

A

Women

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19
Q

What are some common symptoms for neoplasms in the brain

A

Compression & destruction of healthy brain tissue

Production of hormones

tumor growth

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20
Q

If prolactinoma is by the tumor, what symptoms will you see

A

amenorrhea & galactorrhea (F)

Gynecomastia & Low libido (M)

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21
Q

If the tumor is in the frontal lobe, what symptoms will the patient have

A

hemiparesis
dysphagia
abulia
altered personality

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22
Q

If a patient presents with imbalance/ataxia, hydrocephalus, and potential coma, where is the tumor in the brain

A

Cerebellum

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23
Q

If a patient has a tumor in the temporal lobe, what symptoms will they have

A

auditory/olfactory hallucinations
Deja vu
Seizures
memory impairment
dysphasia
superior quad visual field cut

24
Q

If a patient has a tumor in the parietal lobe, what symptoms might they have

A

neglect
sensory loss
apraxia
agnosia
motor incoordination

25
Q

What is the supratentorial region of the brain

A

cerebral cortex

26
Q

Where is there infratentorial region of the brain

A

Cerebellum
brainstem
pituitary

27
Q

What are the types of brain cells in the body

A

neurons
glandular cells
neuroglial cells

28
Q

What is the function of a neuron

A

they communicate neurological info via electrical impulses

29
Q

What is the function of glandular cells

A

Secrete hormones (pineal / pituitary gland)

30
Q

What are the types of neuroglial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
Embryonic stem cells

31
Q

What do astrocytes do

A

Maintain BBB, nourish neurons, recycle NTs
(star shaped)

32
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do

A

produce myelin to help transmit electrical impulses

33
Q

What are the different types of gliomas

A

astrocytomas
brain stem gliomas
ependymomas
oligodendrogliomas

34
Q

What type of brain tumor is associated with drop metastases

A

Ependymomas

35
Q

What type of glioma, commonly present with seizures

A

Oligodendrogliomas

36
Q

What is a butterfly tumor

A

A tumor that crosses over the corpus collosum to the other hemisphere

37
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for a glioblastoma multiforme

A

Age (generally around 64)

38
Q

What is the prognosis for a glioblastoma

A

Roughly 15 months with maximal therapy

39
Q

What do meningiomas typically arise from

A

arachnoid mater of the meninges

40
Q

Where are meningiomas typically found

A

On the surface of the brain under the dura mater

41
Q

What is a hyperostosis

A

An irritated adjacent bone from a lesion irritating the area

42
Q

Where are schwannomas typically found

A

CN8

43
Q

How do you treat schwannomas

A

Surgery

44
Q

How large is a macro adenoma

A

> 1cm

45
Q

What are schwannomas associated with

A

neurofibromatosis

46
Q

What symptoms do pituitary adenoma often have

A

Blindness in the outer halves of both R&L visual fields

47
Q

What is the most common pituitary adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

48
Q

What are the different pituitary adenomas

A

growth hormone secreting tumor
Adrenocorticotropic
Thyrotroph adenomas
Gonadotroph

49
Q

What does growth hormone secreting adenoma generally cause

A

Gigantism (kids)
Acromegaly (adults)

50
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting tumors cause

A

Excess cortisol which leads to cushings disease

51
Q

What are the symptoms of cushings disease

A

moon facies
buffalo hump
truncal obesity

52
Q

Where do most brain metastases come from

A

Lung
Breast
Melanoma

53
Q

What are the most frequent non-functional tumor

A

Gonadotroph derived adenoma

54
Q

What differential diagnosis do you have to rule out with brain metastases

A

infection
abscess
Demyelinating disease (MS)
Primary brain tumor

55
Q

What are some complications that can arise from brain mets

A

Brain herniation
seizures
hydrocephalus

56
Q

What are some treatment options for brain mets

A

Surgical resection
radiation (whole brain vs stereotactic)
chemo
immunotherapy

Clin med neurology (12 decks)

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