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MDTI > Neoplasia Nomenclature > Flashcards

Neoplasia Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

prevalence

A

number of people with disease at the current time. Either alive with the diagnosis/active disease or cured of the disease.

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2
Q

what causes cancer?

A

DNA mutations that result in the loss of regulation of cell growth and survival pathways. 6-8 mutations in the same cell

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3
Q

mutagen

A

causes mutations

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4
Q

carcinogen

A

causes cancer

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5
Q

how long does it take cancer to develop?

A

years to decades

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6
Q

most common types of cancer?

A

lung, breast, prostate, colon

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7
Q

most prevalent cancer?

A

breast (1/5)

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8
Q

chemotherapy

A

drug from mustard gas that kills rapidly proliferating cells (indiscriminate with side effects)

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9
Q

neoplasm

A

tumor. irreversible abnormal mass of tissue arising from a clonal growth of a somatic cell with excessive and uncoordinated growth. due to genetic alterations

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10
Q

hyperplasia

A

reversible, polyclonal response to injury. not a genetic change

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11
Q

criteria for malignancy

A

invasion & metastasis

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12
Q

invasion

A

tumor moves into adjacent tissues beyond the basement membrane. Not freely mobile, instead tethered between tissues.

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13
Q

metastasis

A

tumor colonizes distant sites via circulatory system migration

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14
Q

characteristics of benign tumor

A

no invasion or metastasis, localized lesion that respects the basement membrane boundary.

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15
Q

nomenclature for benign mesenchymal tumors

A

add -oma to cell of origin (lipoma, fibroma, chondroma)

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16
Q

other definition for cancer

A

malignant tumor

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17
Q

needle aspiration

A

small gauge needle is inserted into lesion under direct visualization or occasionally by radiographic guidance and cells from lesion are withdrawn

18
Q

histopathology

A

study of disease by direct evaluation of morphology of the diseased tissue. limited to the availability of removed portions of tissue

19
Q

basic cellular components of all tumors

A

neoplastic cells and stroma

20
Q

neoplastic cells

A

clonal cells that usually resemble cells from tissue of origin. major determinant of biological behavior

21
Q

tumor stroma

A

connective tissue and blood vessels within the tumor. provides support and nutrient supply to tumor.

22
Q

N/C ratio

A

nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio. ratio of the diameter of the nucleus over that of the cell. Higher in a less differentiated cell (more malignant)

23
Q

pleomorphism

A

irregularity in cell size and shape. signifies malignancy

24
Q

hyperchromatia

A

denser chromatin

25
Q

morphological characteristics of malignancy

A

N/C>0.5, pleomorphism, hyperchromatia, increased nucleolar size

26
Q

gross criteria for benign tumor

A

no invasion, no metastases, encapsulated, pushing borders, exophytic growth (outward fashion)

27
Q

gross criteria for malignant tumor

A

invasive, frequent metastases, no encapsulation, infiltrative borders, endophytic growth (down, into, around)

28
Q

epithelial tumor nomenclature

A

malignant: carcinoma
benign: papilloma, adenoma (glandular)

29
Q

mesenchymal tumor nomenclature

A

malignant: sarcoma
benign: fibroma, lipoma, etc

30
Q

hematopoietic tumor nomenclature

A

only malignant: lymphoma, leukemia

31
Q

cytologic characteristic of carcinomas

A

polygonal, cuboidal, columnar. tend to stick together via tight intercellular junctions to forma gland, duct, or sheet

32
Q

cytologic characteristic of sarcoma

A

spindle shape, fascicles/bundles

33
Q

cytologic characteristic of lymphoma/leukemia

A

individual, isolated cells. one round, large nucleus. dispersed and discohesive

34
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

35
Q

tumor grading

A

spectrum of well differentiated to anaplastic. the more undifferentiated the tumor is, the more malignant it is

36
Q

dysplasia

A

disordered growth. changes in cytologic features (pleomorphism), loss of differentiation, change in nuclear features (hyperchromasia, abnormal mitotic activity), disordered architecture

37
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

pre invasive cancer. confined within basement membrane but has acquired many other characteristics of malignancy

38
Q

spectrum to development of cancer

A

dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, carcinoma

39
Q

tumor grading

A

based on microscopic features of the primary tumor. used to predict clinical aggressiveness.

40
Q

tumor staging

A

refers to the extent of the disease.

MDTI (42 decks)

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