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MDTI > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

ABC type

A

activated B cell type. A subset of diffuse large B cell lymphomas that have a non germinal center B cell pattern of gene expression. These lesions do worse than the GCB type of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with current therapies

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2
Q

acute

A

a hematopoietic (myeloid, erthyroid, megakaryocytic) or lymphoid precursor blocked at a very early (blast or promyelocyte) stage of differentiation.

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3
Q

ALCL

A

anaplastic large cell lymphoma

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4
Q

ALK1

A

anaplastic lymphoma kinase

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5
Q

allogenic stem cell transplantation

A

transfer of hematopoietic stem cells from donor after conditioning the recipient with chemotherapy or radiation. Donors are typically HLA matched. Stem cells collected by bone marrow aspiration or mobilization, which requires the administration of GF to cause spillage of markedly left shifted cells, including CD34 stem cells, into the peripheral blood

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6
Q

amyloid

A

aggregates of proteins or protein fragments of various types. Despite their unrelated nature, these tend to settle out in deposits with a beta pleated structure. Identified histologically via Congo red stain. produce apple green birefringence under polarized light.

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7
Q

amyloidosis

A

the clinical disorder produced by systemic amyloid deposition. Prominent are the effects of amyloid deposition on the glomerular filtration apparatus

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8
Q

Ann Arbor staging system: stage 1

A

neoplasm limited to single site, +/-B (constitutional) symptoms (night sweats, weight loss, fevers)

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9
Q

Ann Arbor staging system

A

stage 1-4. used clinically to gauge extent of neoplastic spread. initially conceived for hodgkins lymphoma but also used in non hodgkin lymphoma. corresponds to the TNM staging system used for solid tumors.

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10
Q

ATLL

A

adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

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11
Q

atypia

A

cytologic or histologic abnormalities that suggest a cell is or is becoming neoplastic. Ex: the features of plasma cell atypic include bizarre enlarged nuclei, prominent nucleoli, numerous mitotic figures. typically associated with an aggressive course

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12
Q

autologous stem cell transplantation

A

process by which stem cells are collected from a patient (often with multiple myeloma or lymphoma) after mobilization and stored frozen. After patient is subjected to chemotherapy and radiation, rescued with their own stem cells

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13
Q

B symptoms

A

cytokine mediated constitutional symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss) associated with some lymphomas, classically Hodgkin lymphoma

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14
Q

basophilic

A

acidic substances like DNA that bind basic dyes like Wright’s stain and hematoxylin. Blue under the microscope

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15
Q

BCL2

A

anti-apoptotic protein found in mitochondria, located on chromosome 18, inappropriately expressed in follicular lymphoma, though not in physiologic germinal centers.

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16
Q

BCL6

A

a marker, like CD10, of germinal center B cell origin. functions as a transcriptional repressor.

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17
Q

BCR-ABL

A

constitutively activated in frame tyrosine kinase fusion produced by translocation t(9;22), the Philadelphia chromosome. expressed by neoplastic cells of CML

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18
Q

Bence Jones Protein

A

light chains filtered by the glomerulus into the urine

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19
Q

cast nephropathy

A

myeloma kidney caused by obstructive distal tubular aggregates of light chain casts

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20
Q

CD

A

cluster of differentiation. antigens crucial to the classification of hematopoietic neoplasms.

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21
Q

CD1a

A

a marker of T lymphoblasts

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22
Q

CD2

A

a pan-T antigen (expressed by all mature T cells)

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23
Q

CD3

A

another pan-T antigen (expressed on the surface of all mature T cells). immature T cells express CD3 in their cytoplasm

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24
Q

CD4

A

a marker of helper T cells. the receptor for HIV in T cells

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25
Q

CD5

A

another pan-T antigen. Aberrantly expressed by some mature B cell neoplasms (CLL/SLL)

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26
Q

CD7

A

pan-T antigen expressed by all mature T cells

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27
Q

CD8

A

marker of cytotoxic T cells

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28
Q

CD10

A

expressed by mature B cells of germinal center origin and neoplasms that arise from these cells (follicular/Burkitt lymphoma).

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29
Q

CD19

A

a broad spectrum pan-B cell antigen expressed by both immature and mature B cells late into B cell life (expressed by plasma cells)

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30
Q

CD20

A

a pan-B cell antigen with a more restricted range of expression during B cell life than CD19. expressed by mature B cells, but not B lymphoblasts or plasma cells

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31
Q

CD34

A

marker of immature myeloid and lymphoid cells (blasts). included within the pool of CD34+ cells are stem cells that allow hematopoietic transplantation to succeed

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32
Q

CD21

A

a marker expressed by follicular dendritic cells, which form the microarchitechtural support structures (follicular dendritic meshwork) that allows B cell follicles to aggregate. Also expressed by B cells and serves as a receptor by which EBV infects B cells.

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33
Q

CD56 (NCAM)

A

adhesion molecule expressed by neoplastic plasma cells which allows them to take up residence in bone marrow. why multiple myeloma is a marrow based disorder.

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34
Q

CD138 (syndecan)

A

adhesion molecule expressed by plasma cells, both benign and neoplastic

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35
Q

centroblast

A

proliferative B cell making up the dark zone of a reactive germinal center. in follicular lymphoma, these are the transformed component. an increase predicts a more aggressive phenotype.

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36
Q

centroblastic

A

term used to describe a common variant of diffuse large B cell lymphoma, in which the neoplastic cells share a superficial morphology similarity with a benign centroblast, with an oval nucleus and multiple small nucleoli bosun to the nuclear membrane

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37
Q

centrocyte

A

quiescent B cell predominating in the light zone of the reactive germinal center. cytologic appearance in the peripheral blood is distinctive, with prominent nuclear clefts. formally called small cleaved cells

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38
Q

CFU

A

colony forming unit. nomenclature based on properties of progenitor cells grown on solid medium.

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39
Q

CHOP

A

cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, oncovin, prednisone. common multi agent regimen for aggressive non hodgkin lymphoma. CHOP plus Rituxan is R-CHOP

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40
Q

chronic

A

neoplasm of hematopoeitic (myeloid, erthyroid, megakaryocytic) or lymphoid cells allowed to progress through their differentiation sequence to maturity (neutrophils, lymphocytes rather than blasts)

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41
Q

CLL/SLL

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic leukemia. one neoplasm with two different clinical manifestations. predominantly involving peripheral blood (leukemia) or forming solid masses (lymphoma). indolent CD5+ mature B cell neoplasm with a variable clinical course that reflects the underlying stat of the B cell from which it arose

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42
Q

clockface

A

nuclear chromatin condensed in a regular pattern at the nuclear periphery (as in the clock face nuclear chromatin of a plasma cell)

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43
Q

CML

A

chronic myellogenous/myeloid leukemia, aka chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL). form of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated proliferation of maturing granulocytes in the bone marrow with spillage into the peripheral blood. t(9;22) that fuses BCR and ABL to generate constitutively active tyrosine kinase

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44
Q

cryoglobulinemia

A

presence of large amounts of cryoglobulins in the blood. can be associated with various diseases that result in the expansion of plasmacytic cells, which can be reactive and neoplastic

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45
Q

cryoglobulins

A

proteins (typically Igs) that can settle out (become insoluble) at low temperatures

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46
Q

cytogenetics

A

study of karyotypic anomalies in metaphase spreads of primary or cultured cells. cells are arrested in metaphase with mitotic inhibitors and stained with giesma so the DNA G banding pattern can be identified.

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47
Q

cytology

A

microscopic appearance of a single cell

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48
Q

dark zone

A

the part of the reactive germinal center containing mostly activated B cells (centroblasts) which proliferate as part of the process of antibody refinement through somatic hypermutation and class switching.

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49
Q

de novo

A

diffuse large B cell lymphomas that arise without transformation of a preceding indolent lesion

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50
Q

DLBCL

A

diffuse large B cell lymphoma

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51
Q

DN

A

double negative- lacking both CD4 & CD8. feature of T lymphoblasts

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52
Q

DP

A

double positive- expressing both CD4 & CD8. feature of somewhat more mature T lymphoblasts

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53
Q

EBV

A

epstein barr virus. infects B cells via CD21. always found in endemic Burkitt lymphoma.

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54
Q

extranodal

A

growth or origin of a lymphoma in a non nodal site (as in MALT lymphoma)

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55
Q

FL

A

follicular lymphoma, an indolent lymphoma arising from germinal center B cells inappropriately expressing BCL2 as a result of t(14;18)

56
Q

flame cell

A

IgA secreting plasma cell. has a pink flame cytoplasmic border by wright stain

57
Q

follicle

A

b cell aggregate in a lymph node or other lymphoid organ, or at a state of chronic inflammation. can be either primary, consisting entirely of IgD naive mantle type b cells which have not yet encountered antigen or secondary, consisting of mantle cells surrounding the germinal center, in which they are undergoing affinity maturation

58
Q

GCB type

A

germinal center B cell type. a subset of diffuse large B cell lymphomas with a germinal center B cell pattern of gene expression. does better than ABC type of diffuse large B cell lymphomas with current therapies

59
Q

germinal center

A

the part of the secondary follicle in which affinity maturation takes place

60
Q

HTLV1

A

the first known human tumor causing retrovirus. the etiologic ager in ATLL. endemic to japan, caribbean, tropical africa. spread vertical and blood bourne. long latency before the onset of an aggressive mature t cell neoplasm

61
Q

humoral immune paresis

A

the repression of normal Ig production in the setting of a prominent monoclonal paraproteinemia. correlates with the significant immunosuppression and consequent susceptibility to infections

62
Q

hypercalcemia

A

elevated blood calcium. associated with bone lysis, causes by direct destruction of bone by neoplastic cells and by the elaboration of osteoclast activating factors that stimulate bone resorption

63
Q

IgH

A

Ig heavy locus, a region on human chromosome 14 that contains the gene segments and regulatory machinery for production go the Ig heavy chain

64
Q

immunoblastic

A

morphologically similar to a benign immunoblast with an oval nucleus, a prominent central nucleolus and ample plasmacytoid cytoplasm. term to describe the morphologic appearance of a type of diffuse large B cell lymphoma particularly common in primary EBV+CNS lymphomas

65
Q

immunofixation

A

identifies electrophoretically separated proteins.

66
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

exploits the principle that antibodies bind specifically to antigens expressed by cells in tissues. requires evaluation of tissue section

67
Q

immunophenotypic profile

A

particular pattern of protein expression of a given neoplasm

68
Q

immunophenotyping

A

performed by flow cytometry and/or immunohistochemistry.

69
Q

indolent

A

waxing/waning course, used to describe the behavior of a group of B cell non hodgkin lymphomas which are largely incurable since their slow rate if division makes them less susceptible to the DNA damage caused by chemotherapy or radiation

70
Q

Ki67

A

nuclear marker of proliferation. absent during the resting phase of the cell cycle. the fraction of Ki67 positive tumor cells in correlated with the clinical course of some neoplasms.

71
Q

leukemia

A

when neoplastic cells spill from the marrow into the peripheral blood in large numbers, a leukocytosis results. A neoplasm of circulating cells rather than a solid mass of neoplastic lymphocytes. Start in the marrow so presenting sign may be pancytopenia rather than leukocytosis

72
Q

leukemoid reaction

A

a non clonal reaction to a stimulus that drives a granulocytic expansion in the marrow, with spillage of variably mature neutrophils into the periphery. can be mistaken for chronic myelogenous leukemia since it is due to t(9;22)

73
Q

leukocytosis

A

an elevated peripheral blood white count. can be due to expansion of immature cells

74
Q

acute myeloid leukemia

A

leukocytosis of immature clonal, myeloid origin cells

75
Q

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

leukocytosis of immature clonal, lymphoid origin cells

76
Q

granulocytic left shift

A

leukocytosis of immature reactive, myeloid origin cells

77
Q

myeloproliferative disorder

A

leukocytosis due to expansion of mature clonal, myeloid origin cells

78
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

leukocytosis due to mature, clonal, lymphoid origin cells

79
Q

granulocytosis

A

leukocytosis due to mature, reactive, myeloid origin cells

80
Q

lymphocytosis

A

leukocytosis due to mature reactive lymphoid origin cells

81
Q

light chain restriction

A

evidence of B cell clonality (neoplasia). either only kappa or only lambda whereas it’s usually 60/40

82
Q

light zone

A

the part of a reactive germinal center containing mostly quiescent B cells (centrocytes). Bc these cells have smaller and irregular nuclei, they don’t stain as darkly

83
Q

lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of a lymph node or multiple lymph nodes. A benign condition that sometimes can clinically be mistaken for a neoplasm

84
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement of lymph nodes. Can be regional or widespread

85
Q

lymphoblast

A

immature lymphocytes found physiologically in the bone barrow and thymus.

86
Q

lymphoepithelial lesion

A

population of neoplastic B cells destroying mucosal structures. A classic high power feature of a MALT lymphoma

87
Q

lymphoma

A

a tumor forming lesion of lymphocytes

88
Q

M spike

A

a monoclonal paraprotein in serum or urine results in a dense homogenous band by serum electrophoresis. Associated with a single narrow church spire like peak

89
Q

MALT lymphoma

A

an extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues. start as chronic inflammatory lesions, often secondary to an infectious agent.

90
Q

mantle zone

A

area immediately surrounding the germinal center in a secondary follicle, which contains resting IgD B cells that have not yet been exposed to antigen

91
Q

marginal zone

A

a somewhat poorly define inter follicular area in the lymph node containing mature B cells that have traversed the germinal center

92
Q

MDS

A

myelodysplastic syndromes, a group of neoplastic marrow disorders associated clinically with low blood counts (cytopenia) and a propensity to evolve into acute myelogenous leukemia.

93
Q

MGUS

A

monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. a laboratory finding (detection of low level serum monoclonal paraprotein) w/o other features to suggest multiple myeloma.

94
Q

monoclonal

A

a population of cells that share the same cell of origin

95
Q

monoclonal gammopathy

A

the laboratory finding of a monoclonal paraprotein in the serum or urine. May or may not meet criteria for myeloma.

96
Q

Mott cell

A

a plasma cell containing prominent intracytoplasmic globular accumulations of immunoglobulin. one of a variety of appearances plasma cells (benign and malignant) can assume.

97
Q

MPD

A

myeloproliferative disorders. chronic hematologic malignancies that lead to an expansion in the marrow and peripheral blood of maturing cells of the hematopoietic series, usually with a dominance of one form.

98
Q

MUM1

A

a relatively recent introduction to the prognostic armamentarium. expression of MUM1 by a diffuse large B cell lymphoma suggests that the B cell progenitor of this clonal lesion has traversed the germinal center and that the neoplasm is therefore of ABC type

99
Q

MYC

A

helix-loop-helix leucine zipper containing TF that plays an important role in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cellular transformation.

100
Q

neoplastic

A

a clonal population

101
Q

NFkB

A

nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells. plays a key role in regulation the immune response to infection.

102
Q

NHL

A

non hodgkin lymphoma

103
Q

nLP-HL

A

nodular lymphocyte predominant hodgkin lymphoma

104
Q

pancytopenia

A

a depression in all three major peripheral blood parameters: the white count (leukopenia), hemoglobin (anemia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia)

105
Q

paraimmunoblast

A

one of the transformed cells that can be seen in CLL/SLL. an intermediate to large neoplastic B cell.

106
Q

paraprotein

A

in contrast to the normal heterogenous protein species, normally present in the peripheral blood and/or urine, the predominance of a single Ig species secreted by a plasmacytic neoplasm

107
Q

paratrabecular

A

involving that part of the bone marrow that is directly adjacent to trabecular bone. Paratrabecular growth is typical of bone marrow involvement by follicular lymphoma

108
Q

plasmacytoma

A

a solid mass of neoplastic plasma cells

109
Q

plasmacytoid

A

demonstrates some of the morphologic features of a plasma cell. generally used to describe neoplastic B cells with particularly abundant cytoplasm

110
Q

podocyte

A

visceral epithelial cells that form the glomerular filtration apparatus. small molecules slip through slits between the feet of these cells

111
Q

polychromasia

A

term used to describe the microscopic appearance of peripheral blood in the setting of an expansion of reticulocytes.

112
Q

prolymphocyte

A

one of the transformed cells that can be seen in CLL/SLL. a somewhat immature lymphocyte that has large nucleus, fine chromatin, multiple nucleoli.

113
Q

prolymphocytic leukemia

A

the progression of CLL/SLL to a more aggressive lesion

114
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

the obstruction to blood flow in distal extremities caused by the aggregation of cryoglobins secreted by some lymphoproliferative disorders

115
Q

reactive

A

a polyclonal expansion. expansion as an appropriate response to a stimulus

116
Q

red pulp

A

filtration compartment of the spleen

117
Q

richters transformation

A

transformation of CLL/SLL into diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

118
Q

Rituximab (Rituxan)

A

anti-CD20 antibody. kills CD20 cells by a variety of mechanisms.

119
Q

smudge cell

A

term used to describe the disrupted neoplastic cells common in the peripheral blood smears of patients with CLL

120
Q

somatic hypermutation

A

the process whereby germinal center B cells develop highly avid antibodies through rapid mutation and selective apoptosis

121
Q

SPEP

A

serum protein electrophoresis

122
Q

stage

A

clinical term used to describe the extent of neoplastic spread.

123
Q

grade

A

the microscopic features of a lesion that suggest behavior

124
Q

starry sky

A

the combination of sheets of neoplastic cells and tangible body macrophages characteristic of Burkitt lymphoma

125
Q

t(8;14)

A

translocation for Burkitts lymphoma. juxtaposes the IgH regulatory machinery with the coding sequence for Myc and results in over expression of this powerful oncogene

126
Q

t(14;18)

A

the defining translocation for follicular lymphoma. Juxtaposes the IgH regulatory machinery with the coding sequence for Bcl2 and results in the inappropriate germinal center B cell expression of this anti-apoptotic protein

127
Q

t(11;18)

A

a recurrent translocation in gastric MALT lymphomas. causes the fusion of cIAP2 and MALT1 genes, and leads to dysregulation of the NFkB pathway

128
Q

t(9;22)

A

the philadelphia chromosome. defining translocation for CML. causes the fusion of BCR and ABL, resulting in a constitutively active tyrosine kinase

129
Q

t(15;17)

A

defining translocation for acute promyelocytic leukemia. fuses APL and RARa to generate a dominant negative that inhibits normal RARa signaling and leads to a block in the myeloid maturation at the promyelocyte stage

130
Q

TdT

A

terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, a specialized DNA polymerase expressed in immature B and T lymphocytes. Adds N nucleotides to the variable, diversity and joining eons during immunoglobin gene recombination

131
Q

tangible body macrophages

A

scavengers of apoptotic lymphocytes, found in the dark zone of germinal centers and in any aggressive lymphoma. most prominent in Burkitts lymphoma

132
Q

tumor lysis syndrome

A

a constellation of metabolic complications and their downstream effects due to a sudden release of breakdown products from dying cells.

133
Q

uremia

A

an excessive serum level of urea. consequence of renal failure

134
Q

white pulp

A

lymphoid compartment of the spleen, has a periarteriolar distribution

135
Q

ZAP70

A

cytoplasmic T cell signaling molecule. Aberrantly expressed by CLL/SLL and correlates with absence of somatic hypermutation, suggesting origin in a naive B cell and a propensity for more aggressive behavior

MDTI (42 decks)

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