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old patho 154 > Neoplasia & its genetics, naming and grading tumors and CA Tx > Flashcards

Neoplasia & its genetics, naming and grading tumors and CA Tx Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasia=

A

abnormal cell growth and differentiation

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2
Q

whats a neoplasm

A

a tumor aka irreversible growth or abnormal mass

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3
Q

__ gene causes apoptosis when Dna is damaged
when would this occur?
what percentage of cancers have a defect in this gene

A

TP53
occurs when:
-the cell has lived to a certain age
- cell has divided a certain number of times
-cell or its organelles are damages
50% of cancers have defect in this gene

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4
Q

Dna repair genes =

A

they repair altered genes

like spell checkers for the sequence of nitrogenous bases

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5
Q

What are the go genes and the stop genes called?

A

go=proto oncogenes

stop=tumor suppressor genes

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6
Q

how do proto oncogenes affct cells

A

they inc cell division

by producing growth proteins and enhancing cell division

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7
Q

how does a tumor suppressor gene work?

what would happen if it mutated?

A

it dec cell division

-if mutated it would lead to the cell having uninhibited division and inc growth

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8
Q

naming tumors:
benign suffix =
if malignant and epithelial in origin=
if malignant and mesenchymal in origin=

A

benign=oma
epi=carcinoma
mesenchyme=sarcoma

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9
Q

carcinomas may arise from what tye of tissue? examples

A

if it is squamous columnar or cuboidal in origin

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10
Q

exmples of mesenchymal tumors

A

liposarcoma
osteosarcoma
chondrosarcoma
adenosarcoma

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11
Q

what types of tissue or organs are mesenchymal

what is mesenchyme?

A

cancellous bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular, or hematopoietic tissues
mesenchyme is embryonic tissue?

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12
Q

benign tumor
does it stop
diff or undifferentiated cells
invasive or no

A
  • uncontrolle slow growth (thsts faster than normal cells)
  • may stop or regress
  • differentiated cells
  • non-invasive. they take up space but arent invasive compared to malignant tumor
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13
Q

malignant tumor

A
  • disorderly, rapid growth
  • poorly differentiated cells
  • invasive and damaging (grow continuously)
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14
Q

cancer arises due to_____

eg

A

mutated genes

eg smoking alters gene that regulates growth

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15
Q

how many malignant tumors does a cancer pt have

A

at least one

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16
Q

mode of growth of malignant neoplasm

A

grows by invasion

send out processes that infiltrate surrounding tissue

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17
Q

cell characteristics of malignant neoplasm

A
  • undifferentiated
  • anaplasia
  • atypical structure often very different from tissue of origin
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18
Q

mode of growth for benign neplasm

A

grows by expansion without invasion

-usually encapsulated

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19
Q

how does a malignant neoplasm spread

A

it gains access to blood and lymph to metastasize

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20
Q

benign bone tumor=

malignant “”=

A

osteoma

osteosarcoma

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21
Q

benign glandular epithelium tumor=

malignant

A

adenoma

adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

malignant nerve cell=

A

neuroblastoma

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23
Q

benign striated muscle=

A

rhabdomyoma

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24
Q

malignant smooth musce tumor=

A

leiomyosarcoma

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25
how often do tumors double in size?
every 100 days
26
when can a tumor be clinically palpated | how many cells are present at this time
once 1cm | 1000000000 cells
27
3 methods of spread of tumors (malignant probabl?
-extension and invasion (still local) -seeding in body cavities (no longer in site of origin) metastasis via blood or lymph (distant spread)
28
what is metastasis
spread of malignant cancer cells from primary to secondary site
29
what are the most common sites of malignant tumor growth | in order
lymphatic tissue, then liver, lungs, bones, brain LLLBB
30
what are the routes of spread of malignant tumors
blood and lymph
31
what are the requirements to become a preferred secondary site for malignant tumor growth
1=large size | 2=richly perfused
32
how many stages are there in metastasis | -brief summary of each
3 Stage I -invades loacl tissue stage II -emboli enter blood or lymph vessel and attach to suitable site Stage III -angiogenesis and cell growth at secondary site
33
how is stage I of metastasis accomplished
the invasion of local tissues is made possible by enzymes that break up the cementing material between cells
34
whats an emboli
small group of cells travelig in circulation that is unattached
35
stage II of metastasis
-emboli enter either blood or lmph (most will be killed by defenses but likely not all of them) -when an area of resistance eg capillary bed is met the emboli will attach to the suitable site (tested with mediators to det suitability) (it moves into interstitial space to grow usually it looks like?) -the emboli produces cytokines and growth factors in order to grow
36
do normal cells at a secondary site become malignant
no, theyre killed off
37
how many tumors will the primary site have vs secondary site
1'=1 | 2'=multiple
38
Stage III of metastasis
angiogenesis and cell growth occurs at the secondary site
39
do all tumor cells make it to secondary site
no, some are destroyed by lymphocytes
40
other than traveling exposed through blood and lymph what might happen?
antitumor host cells like platelets this forms tumor emboli
41
whats more subjective? grading or staging?
grading
42
how are tumors staged
using imaging tests | using the global tumor node metastasis (scale??what?)
43
is global TNM subjective?
no
44
TNM. T= egs
T0-4. T0=no tumor t1=small T4=lg
45
Tx=(not reatment)
tumor cant be assessed
46
Tis=
tumor in situ-in its original position
47
N0-3=
regional lymph nodes
48
N1=
indicates extent of involvemnt NOT number of nodes
49
M2=
two secondary metastasis sites
50
M0-1
M0 is probably no secondary site and M1 must be one secondary site
51
Tumor grading | what do some of the grades mean
scale of 1-IV its subjective I=restrictive IV=extensive spread within primary site
52
6 types of cancer treatment
``` surgery hormone therapy immunotherapy radiation chemotherapy Combination therapy =SHIRCCt shirk=to avoid or neglect try to avoid the cancer ```
53
CA Tx: how does radiation work
necrosis via: 1-free radical production 2-disruption of DNA bonds (popular method (its diff to direct the radiation)
54
how does cehmotherapy work as cancer treatment
it targets cell division (also damagin normal cells eg hair and skin) it prevents and slows the growth of cells
55
considerations for surgery to excise a malignant tumor
not easy to know the bounds of the tumor. Generally remove more than nec ad the lab looks at the tissue surrounding the tumor to see if tis cancer (this is imp because pieces could brek ff and form emboli and spread or rapidly divide and cause more cancer)
56
immunotherapy as cancer Tx
uses cytokines and Abs | -stimulates immune response to destroy cancer cells
57
hormone therapy as cancer tx
for hormone responsive tumors
58
where are hormone responsve tumors often
in reproductive system
59
in hormone treatment do they give above or below normal amounts of hormones?
below. they deprive the cancer cells of the hormonal signals that otherwise would stimulate them to divide
60
look in boo for hormones that might be examples of hormone hterapy
LSH, GH, FSH, TESTOSTERONE, ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE??
61
if duirng cancer tx you ae using surgery then radiation this s an example of_____
combinationt herapy
62
problems associated with cancer treatment or therapy
focus recurrence normal cells

old patho 154 (18 decks)

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