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old patho 154 > Neoplasia & its genetics, naming and grading tumors and CA Tx > Flashcards

Neoplasia & its genetics, naming and grading tumors and CA Tx Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasia=

A

abnormal cell growth and differentiation

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2
Q

whats a neoplasm

A

a tumor aka irreversible growth or abnormal mass

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3
Q

__ gene causes apoptosis when Dna is damaged
when would this occur?
what percentage of cancers have a defect in this gene

A

TP53
occurs when:
-the cell has lived to a certain age
- cell has divided a certain number of times
-cell or its organelles are damages
50% of cancers have defect in this gene

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4
Q

Dna repair genes =

A

they repair altered genes

like spell checkers for the sequence of nitrogenous bases

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5
Q

What are the go genes and the stop genes called?

A

go=proto oncogenes

stop=tumor suppressor genes

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6
Q

how do proto oncogenes affct cells

A

they inc cell division

by producing growth proteins and enhancing cell division

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7
Q

how does a tumor suppressor gene work?

what would happen if it mutated?

A

it dec cell division

-if mutated it would lead to the cell having uninhibited division and inc growth

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8
Q

naming tumors:
benign suffix =
if malignant and epithelial in origin=
if malignant and mesenchymal in origin=

A

benign=oma
epi=carcinoma
mesenchyme=sarcoma

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9
Q

carcinomas may arise from what tye of tissue? examples

A

if it is squamous columnar or cuboidal in origin

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10
Q

exmples of mesenchymal tumors

A

liposarcoma
osteosarcoma
chondrosarcoma
adenosarcoma

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11
Q

what types of tissue or organs are mesenchymal

what is mesenchyme?

A

cancellous bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular, or hematopoietic tissues
mesenchyme is embryonic tissue?

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12
Q

benign tumor
does it stop
diff or undifferentiated cells
invasive or no

A
  • uncontrolle slow growth (thsts faster than normal cells)
  • may stop or regress
  • differentiated cells
  • non-invasive. they take up space but arent invasive compared to malignant tumor
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13
Q

malignant tumor

A
  • disorderly, rapid growth
  • poorly differentiated cells
  • invasive and damaging (grow continuously)
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14
Q

cancer arises due to_____

eg

A

mutated genes

eg smoking alters gene that regulates growth

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15
Q

how many malignant tumors does a cancer pt have

A

at least one

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16
Q

mode of growth of malignant neoplasm

A

grows by invasion

send out processes that infiltrate surrounding tissue

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17
Q

cell characteristics of malignant neoplasm

A
  • undifferentiated
  • anaplasia
  • atypical structure often very different from tissue of origin
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18
Q

mode of growth for benign neplasm

A

grows by expansion without invasion

-usually encapsulated

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19
Q

how does a malignant neoplasm spread

A

it gains access to blood and lymph to metastasize

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20
Q

benign bone tumor=

malignant “”=

A

osteoma

osteosarcoma

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21
Q

benign glandular epithelium tumor=

malignant

A

adenoma

adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

malignant nerve cell=

A

neuroblastoma

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23
Q

benign striated muscle=

A

rhabdomyoma

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24
Q

malignant smooth musce tumor=

A

leiomyosarcoma

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25
Q

how often do tumors double in size?

A

every 100 days

26
Q

when can a tumor be clinically palpated

how many cells are present at this time

A

once 1cm

1000000000 cells

27
Q

3 methods of spread of tumors (malignant probabl?

A

-extension and invasion (still local)
-seeding in body cavities (no longer in site of origin)
metastasis via blood or lymph (distant spread)

28
Q

what is metastasis

A

spread of malignant cancer cells from primary to secondary site

29
Q

what are the most common sites of malignant tumor growth

in order

A

lymphatic tissue, then liver, lungs, bones, brain

LLLBB

30
Q

what are the routes of spread of malignant tumors

A

blood and lymph

31
Q

what are the requirements to become a preferred secondary site for malignant tumor growth

A

1=large size

2=richly perfused

32
Q

how many stages are there in metastasis

-brief summary of each

A

3
Stage I
-invades loacl tissue
stage II
-emboli enter blood or lymph vessel and attach to suitable site
Stage III
-angiogenesis and cell growth at secondary site

33
Q

how is stage I of metastasis accomplished

A

the invasion of local tissues is made possible by enzymes that break up the cementing material between cells

34
Q

whats an emboli

A

small group of cells travelig in circulation that is unattached

35
Q

stage II of metastasis

A

-emboli enter either blood or lmph (most will be killed by defenses but likely not all of them)
-when an area of resistance eg capillary bed is met the emboli will attach to the suitable site (tested with mediators to det suitability)
(it moves into interstitial space to grow usually it looks like?)
-the emboli produces cytokines and growth factors in order to grow

36
Q

do normal cells at a secondary site become malignant

A

no, theyre killed off

37
Q

how many tumors will the primary site have vs secondary site

A

1’=1

2’=multiple

38
Q

Stage III of metastasis

A

angiogenesis and cell growth occurs at the secondary site

39
Q

do all tumor cells make it to secondary site

A

no, some are destroyed by lymphocytes

40
Q

other than traveling exposed through blood and lymph what might happen?

A

antitumor host cells like platelets this forms tumor emboli

41
Q

whats more subjective? grading or staging?

A

grading

42
Q

how are tumors staged

A

using imaging tests

using the global tumor node metastasis (scale??what?)

43
Q

is global TNM subjective?

A

no

44
Q

TNM.
T=
egs

A

T0-4. T0=no tumor
t1=small
T4=lg

45
Q

Tx=(not reatment)

A

tumor cant be assessed

46
Q

Tis=

A

tumor in situ-in its original position

47
Q

N0-3=

A

regional lymph nodes

48
Q

N1=

A

indicates extent of involvemnt NOT number of nodes

49
Q

M2=

A

two secondary metastasis sites

50
Q

M0-1

A

M0 is probably no secondary site and M1 must be one secondary site

51
Q

Tumor grading

what do some of the grades mean

A

scale of 1-IV
its subjective
I=restrictive
IV=extensive spread within primary site

52
Q

6 types of cancer treatment

A 
surgery
hormone therapy
immunotherapy
 radiation
chemotherapy
Combination therapy
=SHIRCCt 
shirk=to avoid or neglect
try to avoid the cancer
53
Q

CA Tx: how does radiation work

A

necrosis via:
1-free radical production
2-disruption of DNA bonds (popular method
(its diff to direct the radiation)

54
Q

how does cehmotherapy work as cancer treatment

A

it targets cell division (also damagin normal cells eg hair and skin)
it prevents and slows the growth of cells

55
Q

considerations for surgery to excise a malignant tumor

A

not easy to know the bounds of the tumor. Generally remove more than nec ad the lab looks at the tissue surrounding the tumor to see if tis cancer
(this is imp because pieces could brek ff and form emboli and spread or rapidly divide and cause more cancer)

56
Q

immunotherapy as cancer Tx

A

uses cytokines and Abs

-stimulates immune response to destroy cancer cells

57
Q

hormone therapy as cancer tx

A

for hormone responsive tumors

58
Q

where are hormone responsve tumors often

A

in reproductive system

59
Q

in hormone treatment do they give above or below normal amounts of hormones?

A

below. they deprive the cancer cells of the hormonal signals that otherwise would stimulate them to divide

60
Q

look in boo for hormones that might be examples of hormone hterapy

A

LSH, GH, FSH, TESTOSTERONE, ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE??

61
Q

if duirng cancer tx you ae using surgery then radiation this s an example of_____

A

combinationt herapy

62
Q

problems associated with cancer treatment or therapy

A

focus
recurrence
normal cells

old patho 154 (18 decks)

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