neoplasia III Flashcards
meteplasia
reversible, cell type substitution, adaptive to a stress response, usually non neoplastic
hyperplasia
increased cell proliferation, physiologic or pathogenic, atypical> neoplastic
dysplasia
pre cancerous, disordered growth: pleomorphic, hyperchromasia, increased mitotic activity, intact BP (but non metestatic)
atypical hyperplasia
more in breast, endometrium, glandular lung. Increases CA risk
what is the significance of cancer pathology?
guide treatment, ID if benign or malignant, if malignant GDADE
GRADE
done by pathologist, degree of differentiation and cytologic features (mitosis, nucleus)
higher grade cancers
aggressive, recur, respond to chemo
STAGE
path + clinical> TNM. help with PROGNOSIS
lower stage cancers
better survival
biomarkers
tumor attributes which affect treatment (Her2)
immunohistochemistry
when tumor is undifferentiated, test for markers which ID original source (use AB)
examples of immunohistomarkers
PSA, cytokeratin (carcinoma/ epithelial) , ER/PR (breast) , CD45 (lymphoma), LCA (common lymphocytic marker), S100- common neuroendocrine marker)
prognostic factors
info on prognosis without treatment (is there mets? grade/size/prolif
predictive factors
likelihood of response to a specific DRUG. Her2, ER (tamoxifen)
cytogenetic tools
Fish, multigene, next gen, serum markers
what to we measure to track relapse?
serum tumor markers@
paraneoplastic syndrome
tumors can secrete molecules, systemic effects
examples of paraneoplastic
lung squam> PTH>hypercalcemia. Lung small cell>ACTH>Cushing
lung squamous makes
PTH>Hypercal
lung small cell makes
ACTH> Cushing
serum marker CEA
colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, breast
CA125
ovarian
CA 19-9
panc, biliart
AFP
hepatocellular cancer
BHCG
gestational tumors
APC
tumor suppressor, colon cancer
s100
melanoma
