neoplasia II Flashcards
hereditary neoplasia
minority of cancer, less than 5%. younger, multiple tumors, mendelian syndromes
hereditary neoplasia genes
SAME as sporadic cancer genes
molecular basis of CA
non lethal genetic damage, mostly envioronmental, 4 gene targets
4 gene targets of CA
tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, apoptosis genes, DNA repair genes
gatekeeper genes
tumor suppressor, oncogenes, apoptosis
caretaker genes
DNA repair
tumor supressor genes
inhibit growth, essential for normal function, TWO HITS> LOSS OF FUNCTION
examples of tumor suppressors
RB, BRCA, p53
oncogenes
promote growth, control proliferation/differentialtion, ONE HIT> GAIN FUNCTION
examples of oncogenes
able, ras, her2
mechanisms of oncogenes
gene amplification (more copies, more product), gene mutation, chromosome rearrangement
apoptosis genes
mult mechanisms, usually change mitochondria permeability, BCL2 ratio
DNA repair
less repair, more mutations, can be inherited or aquired
DNA repair cancers
blooms, XP, HNPCC (Lynch) (MMR gene)
8 hallmarks of cancer
self suffiencent growth signals, insensitive to anti growth, alternative metabolism, avoid apoptosis, immortal, induce sustained angiogenesis, invade/metasitsise, evade immune.
carcinogen steps
Promotion, then initiation (in that order!)
promotion
reversible, conditions favor CA
initiation
irreversible, non lethal genetic change in CA gene
pathways of tumor spread
direct invasion, lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread, seeding of cavities
tumor progressioon
local growth, invasion, mets (requires angiogenesis)
lymphatic spread is common in
carcinomas
hematogenous spread is common in
sarcomas
seeding is common in
ovary, stomach, lobular breast, appendix, melon
Liver is usually metastatic result of
colon, stomach, breast, panc, lung
brain is usually metastatic result of
lung, breast, skin
bone is usually metastatic result of
breast/prostate
seeding is usually metastatic result of
ovarian/GI
