Neoplasia - grading and staging

Question 1

what is metaplasia

Answer 1

Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated somatic cell type with another differentiated somatic cell type in the same tissue.

Question 2

carcinomas are from epithelial cells , sarcomas are from

Answer 2

mesodermal

Question 3

neoplasia

Answer 3

new growth - abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body

Question 4

dysplasia

Answer 4

growth of fibrous or connective tissue around a tumour. Dysplasia is a broad term that refers to the abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs

increased proliferation and incomplete maturation ( large nuclei, mitotic figures and nuceloli)

Question 5

telomere

Answer 5

end of a chromosome - repetitive non-coding DNA that protect the chromosome from damage

Question 6

benign

Answer 6

lcoaclisde and of small size closet resemble normal cells. May be delineated by a fibrous( base lamina) capsule
becomes problems due to sheer bulk

Question 7

malignant tumours

Answer 7

high rate of division may vary compared to cells of origin. invade surrounding tissue and establishment of secondary areas of growth.

Question 8

carcinoma in situ

Answer 8

early cancer haven’t broken BM

Question 9

benign tumour suffix

Answer 9

oma

fibroma
chondroma - cartilangeous

Question 10

epithelia cacner
adenoma - derived from glands

papilloma - finger like projections from epithelial sheets

Answer 10

leiomyomas - smooth muscle e.g. uterine fibroids
lipoma - adipose tissue

melanoma - melanin so skin

Question 11

sarcoma

Sarcomas arise from soft tissues (connective tissues such as cartilage and bone, smooth or skeletal muscle, blood vessels, lymph vessels, coverings of organs such as mesothelium).
In general, sarcomas are composed of very pleomorphic spindle-shaped cells.

Answer 11

Sarcoma - arising in solid mesenchymal tissue
Fibrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma [leio = smooth myo = ___]
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Liposarcoma

Question 12

Carcinoma – epithelial cells
Squamous cell carcinoma – resembles a stratified squamous epithelium
Adenocarcinoma – glandular pattern

Answer 12

Carcinomas arise from epithelial surfaces (GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, skin) and in organs with epithelial-lined ducts (breast, salivary gland, liver).

Question 13

blastoma resemble what

Answer 13

resemble primitive embryonic tissues, which are often pediatric neoplasms. Examples include:
Retinoblastoma
Neuroblastoma
Hepatoblastoma
Medulloblastoma

Question 14

hemangio
lympho 
melano 
myelo 
myo 
osteo

Answer 14

blood vessels 
lymphocyte 
pigment cell 
bone marrow 
muscle 
bone

Question 15

what are the 3 stages of tumour grade

Answer 15

G1- well differentiated tissue
G2- poorly differentiated tissue
G3- cannot tell what cell it comes from - undifferentiated

GX – undetermined, can’t assess
Grade 1 – looks similar to normal cells
Grade 2 – look dissimilar to normal cells
Grade 3 – look very abnormal

Question 16

tumour staging is the size and how far and where the tumour has grown

Answer 16

TMN

Question 17

breast cancer uses what grading criteria

Answer 17

nottingham

Question 18

Your patient presenting with rectal bleeding. Upon surgery he is found to have an adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon that has invaded the surrounding colon tissue but has not invaded the visceral peritoneum.
Biopsies identify involvement in 6 regional lymph nodes and metastases in the axillary lymph node.
What is the pTNM staging?

T2N2M1
T3N2M0
T3N2M1
T4N2M0

Answer 18

T3N2M1

Question 19

colorectal staging

Answer 19

Tx - tumour cannot be assessed
PTo - mo evidence of primary tumour
1- tumour invads submucosa
2- tumour invades muscular propria
3- tumour invades into subserosa or into non-peritonealised pericoloic or perirectal tissues
4- tumour perforates visceral peritoneum or directly invades other organs or structures

nodes
1 1-3 band c
2- metastasis

m - confined or more tan one