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Pathology > Neoplasia (Ex3) > Flashcards

Neoplasia (Ex3) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Neoplasia

A

the process of tumor formation

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2
Q

What is a neoplasm?

What are the two main components?

A
  • new growth composed of cells originally derived from normal tissues that have undergone heritable genetic changes that allows them to become unresponsive to normal growth controls and extend beyond normal anatomic boundaries
  • parenchyma and stroma
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3
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A
  • formation and development of collagen-rich fibrous connective tissue stroma
  • usually around the neoplasm
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4
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A
  • increase in the number of cells

- normal part of wound repair

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5
Q

What is a carcinoma in situ?

A

a malignant tumor of epithelial origin that is confined within the basement membrane

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6
Q

What is metaplasia?

A
  • a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another of the same germ line
  • usually specialized epithelium replaced by unspecialized epithelium (squamous)
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7
Q

What is dysplasia?

A
  • abnormal pattern of tissue growth

- disorderly arrangement of cells within epithelium

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8
Q

Where do mesenchymal tumors arise from?

What are they called?

A
  • arise from cells of mesodermal origin
  • benign: “-oma”
  • malignant: “sarcoma”
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9
Q

Where do epithelial tumors arise from?

What are they called?

A
  • arise from cells of endodermal and ectodermal origin
  • benign: papilloma or polyp (mucosal)
  • malignant: carcinoma
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10
Q

Where do teratomas arise from?

What do they contain?

A
  • totipotent germ cells

- contain tissues derived from all embryonic cell layers

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11
Q

What is anaplasia?

What is it characterized by?

A 
- cellular atypia or lack of differentiation
Characterized by:
- pleomorphism
- abnormal nuclear morphology
- high mitotic rate
- loss of polarity (disorganization)
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12
Q

What is Rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

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13
Q

What are features of a benign tumor?

A
  • well demarcated
  • growing by expansion
  • no metastasis
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14
Q

What are features of a malignant tumor?

A
  • infiltrative “crab-like”
  • invade and destroy surrounding tissue
  • autonomous behavior and unchecked proliferation
  • metastasis is hallmark
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15
Q

What are the 3 pathways of spread?

A
  • transcoelomic spread: seeding of body cavities and surfaces
  • lymphatic spread
  • hematogenous spread: through blood vessels
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16
Q

Explain the metastatic cascade

A
  • tumor cells are monoclonal
  • detach from mass (loss of cadherin/catenin function) and make contact with ECM components
  • degradation of basement membrane and ECM components by protease activity
  • migration into vessel by cytoskeleton alterations
  • inside vessels, tumor cells form emboli
  • adhere to basement membrane
  • extravasation, metastatic deposit
  • angiogenesis and tumor growth
17
Q

What are the features of a successful tumor subclone?

A
  • high proliferative rate
  • evasion of host immune response
  • can stimulate development of independent blood supply
  • are independent of exogenous growth factors
  • can spread to distant sites
18
Q

What are epigenetic changes?

A

heritable changes in gene expression in somatic cells resulting from something other than a change in the DNA sequence

19
Q

What are the four classes of regulatory genes that are the main target of genetic damage?

A
  • growth-promoting proto-oncogenes
  • growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
  • genes that regulate programmed cell death
  • genes involved in DNA repair
20
Q

What is the p53 gene?

Explain what it does

A

growth inhibiting tumor suppressor gene, acts as molecular policeman

  • when cell is damaged, p53 is activated and increases transcription of genes that protect the cell
  • p21 produces CDK inhibitors that stop the cell cycle
  • GADD45 causes DNA repair
  • if repair is unsuccessful, p53 with increases activation of genes involved in apoptosis (BAX)
21
Q

What is the major immune defense against tumors?

What else plays a role?

A
  • Major: CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes

- natural killer cells, macrophages, and antibodies against tumor antigens

22
Q

How do tumors cells evade the immune system?

A
  • failure to produce tumor antigen (no T-cell recognition of tumor)
  • mutations in MHC genes/genes needed for antigen presenting (no T-cell recognition of tumor)
  • production of immunosuppressive proteins (inhibition of T-cell activation)
23
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

  • who gets it?
  • how does it happen?
A
  • in animals lacking pigment in their faces
  • ocular in cows, nasal in cats
  • UV radiation causes dimerization and protein cross-links in DNA molecules
  • induces formation of a carcinogen from natural sterols in unpigmented skin
24
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

What is an example?

A

indirect and usually remote effects caused by tumor cell products rather than the primary tumor

  • Cachexia: weakness, loss of appetite, emaciation
  • Hypercalcemia of malignancy
  • Hypertrophic osteopathy
  • Nodular dermatofibrosis
25
Q

What is hypercalcemia of malignancy?
What is the cause?
What are clinical signs?

A
  • most frequently observed paraneoplastic syndrome (often associated with anal sac carcinomas)
  • due to production of calcemic humoral substances by neoplastic cells from extra-osseus neoplasms
  • signs: muscle weakness, anorexia, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, PU-PD, renal failure
26
Q

What is hypertrophic osteopathy?

What are the signs?

A
  • paraneoplastic syndrome
  • periosteal proliferation, often associated with space-occupying lesions in the lungs
  • lameness, swollen bone
27
Q

What is nodular dermatofibrosis?

Who is predisposed?

A
  • Paraneoplastic syndrome
  • dogs develop multiple benign cutaneous lesions
  • associated with renal disease
  • German shepherds
28
Q

How are tumors diagnosed?

A
  • histologic and cytologic examination

- immunohistochemistry

29
Q

What is grading?

A
  • gives a semi-quantitative evaluation of the degree of differentiation of the tumor
  • classified 1-4 with increasing anaplasia
30
Q

What is staging?

A
  • based on the size of the primary tumor, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, and the presence or absence of hematogenous metastasis
  • more useful than grading
  • TMN system
31
Q

Explain the TMN system

A 
T= primary tumor, with increasing size T1-T4
N= regional LN spread, N0-N3
M= blood-borne metastasis, M0-M2

Pathology (11 decks)

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