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Pathology > Bone (Ex3) > Flashcards

Bone (Ex3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is woven bone?

A
  • immature bone present during fetal development, and in the early stages of bone repair
  • collagen fibers randomly arranged, have a criss-cross pattern microscopically
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2
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A
  • mature bone

- collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel pattern

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3
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A
  • occurs within membranes of condensed primitive mesenchymal tissue
  • flat bones of the skull
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4
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • occurs in majority of bones of the skeleton
  • bone develops from cartilaginous model, that is replaced by osseous tissue present in ossification centers
  • in ossification centers of mature bone, and growth plates of developing bone
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5
Q

Describe chondrodysplasia

A
  • membranous apositional growth is normal, but intersititial growth of cartilage is abnormal
  • results in premature close of growth plates and decreased length of long bones
  • breed associated, usually hereditary
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6
Q

What is “Dexter Bulldog”?

A
  • congenital lethal chondrodysplasia
  • common in beef cattle breeds
  • affected calves are often aborted, and exhibit disproportionate dwarfism, short vertebral column, large head with short muzzle, protruding tongue, and large abdominal hernia
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7
Q

What is Wobbler’s Syndrome?

A
  • cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy
  • localized skeletal dysplasia, most common in horses and large dogs
  • results in dynamic or static compression of cervical spinal cord by abnormal cervical vertebrae
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8
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A
  • metaphyseal dysplasia
  • inherited disease caused by osteoclast failure to reabsorb the primary spongiosa
  • results in increased bone density, and lack of medullary spaces
  • animals often present aplastic anemia
  • bones more susceptible to fracture
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9
Q

What is congenital cortical hyperostosis?

A
  • autosomal recessive inherited condition in pigs
  • limbs appear swollen due to excessive deposition of radiating trabeculae on periosteal surface, and blockage of local lymphatic circulation
  • most born dead, or die quickly
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10
Q

What is amelia?

A

absence of a limb

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11
Q

What is hemimelia?

A

absence of the distal half of a limb

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12
Q

What is polymelia?

A

supernumerary limbs

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13
Q

What is phocomelia?

A

absence of proximal portion of a limb

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14
Q

What is micromelia?

A

abnormally small or short limbs

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15
Q

What is syndactylia?

A

fusion of the digits

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16
Q

What is lordosis?

A

ventral deviation of vertebral column

17
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

dorsal deviation of vertebral column

18
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

lateral deviation of vertebral column

19
Q

Describe a valgus deformity

A
  • lateral deviation (outward)

- knock kneed

20
Q

Describe a varus deformity

A
  • medial deviation (inward)

- bow legged

21
Q

What are the possible etiologies of metabolic bone diseases?

A
  • nutritional
  • hormonal
  • disuse
  • toxic
22
Q

Describe osteoporosis

A
  • metabolic bone disease
  • characterized by osteopenia (decreased amount of bone tissue)
  • the bone that is present is normal
  • reduction in thickness of cortical bone, and decreased number of trabeculae in cancellous bone
23
Q

What are the etiologies of osteoporosis?

A
  • nutritional: starvation, Cu or Vitamin C deficiency
  • aging: reabsorption outpaces bone formation
  • disuse
24
Q

What is Rickets?

A
  • metabolic bone disease affecting young, growing animals
  • defective calcification of osteoid, and defective endochondral ossification
  • etiology typically involves vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency
25
Q

Explain the gross lesions of Rickets

A
  • irregular thickening of growth plates with tongues of uncalcified cartilage extending into the metaphysis
  • widening of growth plates, enlarged ends of long bones
  • enlargement of costochondral junctions (rachitic rosary)
  • weight-bearing bones become bowed
  • hemorrhages beneath cartilage or in growth plates
26
Q

Describe osteomalacia

A
  • a disease of grown animals
  • failure in mineralization of osteoid, primarily due to vitamin D or P deficiency
  • unmineralized osteoid is resistant to osteoclast resorption, accumulates in bone
27
Q

Describe Fibrous osteodystrophy

A
  • metabolic bone disease characterized by extensive bone resorption and replacement by fibrous connective tissue and poorly mineralized immature bone
  • caused by hyperparathyroidism
  • decreased calcium and increased phosphorus, resulting in increased PTH
28
Q

Describe primary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • associated with functional parathyroid adenomas in dogs
  • exhibit hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
  • lesions include FO, thyroid C-cell hyperplasia, hypercalcemic nephropathy, and metastatic mineralization of soft tissues
29
Q

Describe secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

nutritional: dietary deficiency of Ca, excess P, or deficiency of vitamin D
- affects young, growing animals
renal: P retention due to loss of glomerular function, and inadequate synthesis of calcitriol by the kidney
- bones swollen and firm, rubber jaw

30
Q

What happens in lead poisoning?

A
  • lead interferes with osteoclastic acitivity

- subtle bone lesions > increased bone density in metaphysis > lead line

31
Q

What happens in fluoride toxicosis?

A
  • affects normal metabolism of bone and teeth
  • soft dark-brown discolored teeth that wear down easily
  • bones exhibit periosteal hyperostosis
  • in herbivores
32
Q

What causes hypervitaminosis A?

What happens?

A
  • cats consume high amounts of bovine livers for a long period of time
  • deforming cervial spondylosis
  • develop osteophyte formation around joints of cervical vertebrae, shoulder, and elbow
33
Q

What is a sequestrum?

A

a piece of necrotic bone isolated from the remaining viable bone

34
Q

What is an involucrum?

A
  • a layer of granulation tissue and reactive bone

- formed when there is an attempt to wall off the sequestrum

35
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

fragmented fracture

36
Q

What does it mean when a fracture is avulsed?

A

caused by the pull of a ligament/tendon at its insertion into the bone

37
Q

What is a microfracture/infraction?

A
  • fracturing of trabeculae without external deformation of cortical bone
38
Q

What are possible complications with bone fractures?

A
  • bone necrosis and formation of a sequestrum
  • non-union fracture: pseudoarthrosis formation (false joint)
  • osteomyelitis
  • cachexia

Pathology (11 decks)

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