Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Inflammation (Ex2) > Flashcards

Inflammation (Ex2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of inflammation?

A
  • dilute, contain, and isolate injury
  • destroy invading microorganisms and/or inactivate toxins
  • achieve healing and repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the outcomes of inflammation?

A
  • Return to normal: elimination of source of injury
  • Intense inflammatory response: isolate inflammatory process, formation of wall/capsule
  • Failure to eliminate insult: persistence of inflammatory cells, scar formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Exudation?

A
  • escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into interstitium or body cavities
  • implies alteration of permeability of vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is exudate?

A
  • inflammatory extravascular fluid
  • has a high protein concentration
  • much cellular debris
  • has a high specific gravity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is transudate?

A
  • an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma
  • results from hydrostatic imbalances across vascular endothelium
  • has a low protein content
  • has a low specific gravity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is pus?

A

an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes and parenchymal cell debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

General features of Peracute Inflammation

time, vascular involvement, cells, signs

A

Time: begins in 0-4 hours
VI: hyperemia, slight edema, hemorrhage
Cells: not many, few leukocytes
Signs: shock, sudden death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

General features of Acute Inflammation

time, vascular involvement, cells, signs

A

Time: begins in 4-6 hours
VI: active hyperemia, edema, fibrin thrombi within vessels
Cells: neutrophils predominant, leukocytes variable, sometimes mononuclear cells
Signs: typical inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Lymphadenitits?

A

reactive inflammation of lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is subacute inflammation?

A
  • a gradual change between acute and chronic

- does not include repair responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

General features of Subacute Inflammation

vascular involvement, cells

A

VI: less hemorrhage, hyperemia, and edema than acute inflammation
Cells: mixed or pleocellular infiltrate
- primarily neutrophils, but infiltration by lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Chronic Inflammation?

A
  • result of persistent inflammatory stimulus in which the host has failed to eliminate the causative agent
  • usually accompanied by an immune response
  • characterized by host tissue response in terms of repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

General features of Chronic Inflammation

vascular involvement, host involvement, cells

A

VI: proliferation of capillaries and small vessels resulting in hemorrhage and congestion
HI: parenchymal regeneration or repair by fibrosis
C: primarily mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe suppurative/purulent exudation

A

consists of, or contains pus; associated with the formation of pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is suppuration?

A

the process by which pus is formed

- implies neutrophils and proteolytic enzymes are present, and that necrosis of host tissue has occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an Abscess?

Gross appearance?

A

a circumscribed collection of pus

- yellow-white to gray-white and varies from watery to viscous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Fibrinous exudation?

A

severe injury to endothelium and basement membranes results in leakage of plasma proteins including fibrinogen

18
Q

Describe the gross appearance of fibrinous inflammation

A

yellow-white or pale, tan, stringy, shaggy meshwork which gives a rough irregular appearance to tissue surfaces
- casts may form in the lumen of tubular organs

19
Q

What is Serous Exudation/Inflammation?

A

process in which the exudate occurs in tissues in the absence of a cellular response

20
Q

Describe the gross appearance of serous exudate

A
  • yellow, straw-like color, fluid commonly seen in early stages
  • ulceration follows rupture of a vesicle
21
Q

What is Granulomatous Inflammation?

A
  • a chronic inflammatory response characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, and predominant cell being the macrophage
22
Q

What is a Granuloma?

Simple vs Complex?

A

macrophages (epithelioid cells) clustered around the causative etiologic agent, necrotic area (complex), or simply as nodules (simple)
- usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes

23
Q

Describe the morphology of neutrophils

A
  • multilobed nucleus
  • contain cytoplasmic granules, azurophil (large, oval, electron dense) and specific (smaller, less dense, more numerous)
24
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A
  • phagocytosis and secretion of pro-inflammatory substances
  • mediate tissue injury via release of oxygen free radicals and lysosomal enzymes
  • regulate inflammatory response by releaseing chemical mediators
25
Q

What is Major basic Protein, and what are its functions?

A
  • large secondary granule of eosinophils
  • toxic to parasites and other cells
  • cause histamine release from mast cells and basophils
26
Q

What is Eosinophilic cationic protein and what are its functions?

A
  • secondary large granule of eosinophils

- contributes to parasite killing and also shortens coagulation time and alters fibrinolysis

27
Q

What are the functions of Eosinophils?

A
  • modulate hypersensitivity rections (type 1)
  • defense against helminthic infestations
  • phagocytic, but not as active as neutrophils
28
Q

Describe the morphology of Lymphocytes

A
  • smaller than neutrophils

- densely staining nucleus and a scant amount of cytoplasm

29
Q

What are the functions of Macrophages?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • modulation of inflammatory and repair processes
  • regulation of immune response
  • production of interleukin-1
30
Q

Describe the morphology of macrophages

A
  • larger than neutrophils
  • prominent central nuclei, which are folded or bean shaped
  • have a variable number of azurophilic granules
31
Q

What are the events of acute inflammation?

A
  • stimuli for onset
  • vascular changes
  • cellular events
  • termination of inflammatory response
32
Q

Describe the vascular changes in acute inflammation

A
  • increased vascular flow and caliber of blood vessels

- increased vascular permeability

33
Q

What is extravasation?

What are the events?

A
  • delivery of white blood cells to the site of injury

- margination, rolling, activation and adhesion, and transmigration

34
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A
  • the process where white blood cells emigrate in tissues towards the site of injury
35
Q

What are the four possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  • complete resolution
  • healing by scarring
  • abscess formation
  • progression to chronic inflammation
36
Q

What are some etiologies of Granulomatous Inflammation?

A
  • inert particles
  • lipids resistant to metabolism
  • bacteria resistant to lysosomal degradation
  • systemic fungal agents
  • foreign bodies
37
Q

Describe Epithelioid cells

A
  • specialized macrophages
  • abundant eosinophilic cytoplasma
  • eccentrically located round to oval nucleus
38
Q

Describe Multinucleated Giant Cells

A
  • formed by coalesence and fusion of epithelioid cells

- nuclei sometimes arranged around periphery in horseshoe pattern

39
Q

What are the roles of T lymphocytes in granulomatous inflammation?

A
  • produce lymphokines and interferons
  • attract and activate macrophages
  • induce formation of multinucleated giant cells
40
Q

Describe the macroscopic characteristics of chronic inflammation

A
  • diffuse thickening of affected tissue

- or solid, firm, nodular lesions

41
Q

When is the term Pyogranulomatous inflammation used?

A

if significant numbers of neutrophils are present in the center of a granulomatous reaction

Pathology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions