Neoplasia

Question 1

Three main traits of neoplasia which differentiates it from hyperplasia or repair

Answer 1

Unregulated
Irreversible
Monoclonal - derived from single mother cell unlike hyperplasia - multiple cells dividing

Question 2

Methods of determining clonality of uterus and B cells

Answer 2

Uterus -G6PD isoforms

B cell - Ig light chain phenotype

Question 3

Structure of papillary growth

Answer 3

Epithelium, connective tissue core, and central blood vessel

Question 4

Aflatoxins (from aspergillus) are associated with what neoplasia

Answer 4

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 5

Alkylating agents in chemotherapy increase risk for what neoplasia

Answer 5

Leukemia/lymphoma

Question 6

Alcohol increases risk with which carcinoma

Answer 6

Squamous cell ca of oropharynx and upper esophagus pancreatic and hepatocellular

Question 7

Arsenic increases risk for what neoplasia

Answer 7

Squamous cell CA of skin, lung cancer, angiosarcoma of liver

Question 8

Asbestos increases risk for what neoplasia

Answer 8

Lung carcinoma and mesothelioma

Question 9

Cigarette smoke is associated with which cancer

Answer 9

Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, and bladder

Question 10

Nitrosamines in smoked foods is associated with which carcinoma

Answer 10

Stomach carcinoma

Question 11

Napthylamine from cigarette smoke increases risk for which neoplasia

Answer 11

Urothelial carcinoma of bladder

Question 12

Vinyl chloride used to make PVC pipes increases risk for which neoplasia

Answer 12

Angiosarcoma

Question 13

Nickel, chromium, beryllium, and silica are all associated with what neoplasia

Answer 13

Lung carcinoma

Question 14

Epstein Barr Virus is associated with which cancers

Answer 14

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Burkitt lymphona
CNS lymphoma in AIDS

Question 15

HHV-8 (Human Herpes Virus 8) is associated with?

Answer 15

Kaposi Sarcoma

Question 16

Four types of oncogenes

Answer 16

Growth factor
Growth factor receptor
signal transducer
cell cycle regulator

Question 17

The signal transducer RAS is activated when bound with ___ and deactivated when bound with ___

Answer 17

activated - GTP

deactivated - GDP. Growth factor changes GDP to GTP

Question 18

Function of p53

Answer 18

Regulates cell cycle from G1 to S

If DNA is mutated, p53 upregulates DNA repair enzymes or induces apoptosis

Question 19

How does p53 send signal to destroy cell

Answer 19

By activation of BAX, which destroys Bcl2 in mitochondria, causing leakage of cytochrome c and triggering caspaces for apoptosis

Question 20

How many copies of p53 must be knocked out for tumor formation?

Answer 20

2

Question 21

Germline mutation of p53 which is associated with increased risk of carcinomas and sarcomas

Answer 21

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

Question 22

Function of Rb

Answer 22

Rb is bound to E2F, when Rb is phosphorylated, E2F is released and E2F is required for G1 to S

Question 23

What phosphorylates Rb?

Answer 23

CyclinD/CDK4 complex

Question 24

How does tumor avoid immune surveillance

Answer 24

Downregulate MHC I to avoid CD8 destruction

Question 25

Mechanism of tumor spread

Answer 25

Downregulation of E-cadherin Cells attach to laminin and destroy BM Cells attach to fibronectin in ECM and spread locally Invasion in vessel or lymphatics

Question 26

Function of E cadherin

Answer 26

Keeps cells tight together and prevent them from escaping basement membrane

Question 27

In general, which malignancy spreads hematogenous and which spreads lymphatics

Answer 27

Carcinoma - lymph | sarcoma - vessels

Question 28

Name four carcinomas which spread primarily hematogenously

Answer 28

Kidney, Liver, Choriocarcinoma, Follicular CA thyroid

Question 29

High nuclear to cytoplasm ration is characteristic of benign or malignant tumors?

Answer 29

Malignant

Question 30

Low nuclear to cytoplasm ration is characteristic of benign or malignant tumors?

Answer 30

Benign

Question 31

Vimentin is characteristic of which type of tumors

Answer 31

Mesenchymal origin (sarcoma)

Question 32

Desmin is characteristic of which type of tumors

Answer 32

Muscle

Question 33

GFAP is characteristic of which type of tumors

Answer 33

Neuroglia

Question 34

S-100 is characteristic of which type of tumors

Answer 34

Melanoma

Question 35

Chromogranin is characteristic of which type of tumors

Answer 35

Neuroendocrine cells (small cell CA of lung, carcinoid)

Question 36

Mutated gene found in melanomas

Answer 36

p16

Question 37

Marker associated with cell adhesion and enables malignant cells to metastasize

Answer 37

CD44