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PLE Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Three main traits of neoplasia which differentiates it from hyperplasia or repair

A

Unregulated
Irreversible
Monoclonal - derived from single mother cell unlike hyperplasia - multiple cells dividing

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2
Q

Methods of determining clonality of uterus and B cells

A

Uterus -G6PD isoforms

B cell - Ig light chain phenotype

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3
Q

Structure of papillary growth

A

Epithelium, connective tissue core, and central blood vessel

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4
Q

Aflatoxins (from aspergillus) are associated with what neoplasia

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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5
Q

Alkylating agents in chemotherapy increase risk for what neoplasia

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

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6
Q

Alcohol increases risk with which carcinoma

A

Squamous cell ca of oropharynx and upper esophagus pancreatic and hepatocellular

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7
Q

Arsenic increases risk for what neoplasia

A

Squamous cell CA of skin, lung cancer, angiosarcoma of liver

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8
Q

Asbestos increases risk for what neoplasia

A

Lung carcinoma and mesothelioma

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9
Q

Cigarette smoke is associated with which cancer

A

Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, and bladder

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10
Q

Nitrosamines in smoked foods is associated with which carcinoma

A

Stomach carcinoma

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11
Q

Napthylamine from cigarette smoke increases risk for which neoplasia

A

Urothelial carcinoma of bladder

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12
Q

Vinyl chloride used to make PVC pipes increases risk for which neoplasia

A

Angiosarcoma

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13
Q

Nickel, chromium, beryllium, and silica are all associated with what neoplasia

A

Lung carcinoma

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14
Q

Epstein Barr Virus is associated with which cancers

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Burkitt lymphona
CNS lymphoma in AIDS

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15
Q

HHV-8 (Human Herpes Virus 8) is associated with?

A

Kaposi Sarcoma

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16
Q

Four types of oncogenes

A

Growth factor
Growth factor receptor
signal transducer
cell cycle regulator

17
Q

The signal transducer RAS is activated when bound with ___ and deactivated when bound with ___

A

activated - GTP

deactivated - GDP. Growth factor changes GDP to GTP

18
Q

Function of p53

A

Regulates cell cycle from G1 to S

If DNA is mutated, p53 upregulates DNA repair enzymes or induces apoptosis

19
Q

How does p53 send signal to destroy cell

A

By activation of BAX, which destroys Bcl2 in mitochondria, causing leakage of cytochrome c and triggering caspaces for apoptosis

20
Q

How many copies of p53 must be knocked out for tumor formation?

A

2

21
Q

Germline mutation of p53 which is associated with increased risk of carcinomas and sarcomas

A

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

22
Q

Function of Rb

A

Rb is bound to E2F, when Rb is phosphorylated, E2F is released and E2F is required for G1 to S

23
Q

What phosphorylates Rb?

A

CyclinD/CDK4 complex

24
Q

How does tumor avoid immune surveillance

A

Downregulate MHC I to avoid CD8 destruction

25
Q

Mechanism of tumor spread

A

Downregulation of E-cadherin
Cells attach to laminin and destroy BM
Cells attach to fibronectin in ECM and spread locally
Invasion in vessel or lymphatics

26
Q

Function of E cadherin

A

Keeps cells tight together and prevent them from escaping basement membrane

27
Q

In general, which malignancy spreads hematogenous and which spreads lymphatics

A

Carcinoma - lymph

sarcoma - vessels

28
Q

Name four carcinomas which spread primarily hematogenously

A

Kidney, Liver, Choriocarcinoma, Follicular CA thyroid

29
Q

High nuclear to cytoplasm ration is characteristic of benign or malignant tumors?

A

Malignant

30
Q

Low nuclear to cytoplasm ration is characteristic of benign or malignant tumors?

A

Benign

31
Q

Vimentin is characteristic of which type of tumors

A

Mesenchymal origin (sarcoma)

32
Q

Desmin is characteristic of which type of tumors

A

Muscle

33
Q

GFAP is characteristic of which type of tumors

A

Neuroglia

34
Q

S-100 is characteristic of which type of tumors

A

Melanoma

35
Q

Chromogranin is characteristic of which type of tumors

A

Neuroendocrine cells (small cell CA of lung, carcinoid)

36
Q

Mutated gene found in melanomas

A

p16

37
Q

Marker associated with cell adhesion and enables malignant cells to metastasize

A

CD44

PLE Pathology (10 decks)

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