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PLE Pathology > Inflammation And Repair > Flashcards

Inflammation And Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What accumulates in interstitial space during acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils and edematous fluid

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2
Q

Present on macrophages qnd dendritic cells which recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and lets body know there is infection

A

Toll like receptors

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3
Q

Toll like receptor on macrophage which recognizes lipopolysaccharide on gram neg bacteria

A

CD14

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4
Q

Key protein upregulated when toll like receptors are activated and turns on inflammatory response

A

NF kappa B

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5
Q

Inflammatory mediator released from cell membrane by phospholipase A2

A

Arachidonic acid

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6
Q

Product of cyclooxygenase pathway from arachidonic acid

A

Prostaglandin

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7
Q

PGI2, PGD2 and PGE2 mediates which actions

A

Vasodilation pf arterioles, increased vascular permeabity of post capillary venule

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8
Q

Prostaglandin which mediates fever and pain

A

PGE2

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9
Q

Product of lipooxygenase pathway from arachidonic acids

A

Leukotrienes

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10
Q

Leukotriene which attracts and activates neutrophils

A

LTB4

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11
Q

Four substances which attracts and activates neutrophils

A

Ltb4
C5a
IL8
Bacterial products

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12
Q

Leukotrienes which mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeabity

(Smooth muscle contraction)

A

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

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13
Q

Three ways mast cells can be activated

A

Tissue trauma
C3a and C5a
Cross linking of IgE by antigen

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14
Q

Histamine granules mediate?

A

Vasodilation of arterioles, increased vascular permeabity

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15
Q

What is the delayed response of mast cells?

A

Release of leukotrienes to allow continuation of inflammatory responser

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16
Q

Proinflammatory serum proteins which circulate as inactive precursors

A

Complement

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17
Q

Three mechanisms of complement activation

A

Classical pathway - C1 binds to IgG or IgM bound to antigen
Alternative pathway - Microbial products directly activate
Mannose-binding lectin pathway - MBL binds mannose on microorganisms and activates complement

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18
Q

Pathway to formation of membrane attack complex from complement activation

A

C3 convertase generated converts C3 to C3a and C3b
C3b helps produce C5 convertase to convert C5 to C5a and C5b
C5b produces C6-C9 which is part of membrane attack complex

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19
Q

Complement which is chemotactic for neutrophils

A

C5a

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20
Q

Complement which trigger mast cell degranulation

A

C3a and C5a

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21
Q

Complement which is an opsonin for phagocytosis

A

C3b

22
Q

Inactive proinflammatory protein produced in liver which is activated upon exposure to subendothelial or tissue collagen

A

Hageman factor

23
Q

Hageman factor plays an important role in which two disease entities

A

DIC

Gram negative sepsis

24
Q

Hageman factor activates which three system

A

Coagulation and fibrinolytic systems
Complement system
Kinin system

25
Q

Bradykinin mediates what

A

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, pain

26
Q

Mechanisms of fever generation

A

Macrophage release IL1 and TNF
Perivascular cells of hypothalamus have increased COX activity
PGE2 increases which raises temp set point

27
Q

Match the tcell receptor complex for t cells
CD4 and CD8
MHC class I and II

A 
CD4 - MHC class II
CD8 - MHC class I
28
Q

Function of MHC

A

Binds to antigen and Presents antigen to Tcell

29
Q

Mechanism for CD4 tcell activation

A

Extracellular antigen is phagocytosed on APC and is presented on MHC class II

B7 (second signal) on APC binds CD 28 on CD 4 T cell as activation signa

30
Q

Examples of antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophage, dendritic cell

31
Q

Mechanism of activated CD4 helper t cell

A

Secrete cytokines which help B cells or CD 8

32
Q

Cytokines secrete by TH1 and fx

A

IL-2 - activates CD8 T cell

IFN gamma - activates macrophage

33
Q

Cytokines secreted by TH2 and fx

A 
IL-4 class switching to IgG and IgE
IL-5 eosinophil chemotaxis and activation, maturation of B cells to plasma cell, class switching to IgA
IL-10 inhibits Th1 phenotype
34
Q

Mechanism of cell killing of CD8

A

Secrete perforins and granzyme to induce apoptosis

Expression of FasL, binds Fas on target cell to activate apoptosis

35
Q

Naive B cells express which Immunoglobulin

A

IgM and IgD

36
Q

Mechanism of B cell activation

A

Antigen binding by surface IgM or IgD, activating B cell to secrete that immunoglobulin

B cell present antigen to CD4 via MHC II and CD40 receptor on B cell binds to CD40L on helper Tcell, activating it to secrete IL4 and IL5 promoting ig switch and maturation to plasma cell

37
Q

Morphology of granuloma

A

Epitheloid histiocytes (macrophage with abundant pink cytoplasm) - key feature of granuloma

Surrounded by giant cell and lymphocytes

38
Q

Caseating vs noncaseating granuloma

A

Caseating has central necrosis

39
Q

Mechanism of granuloma formation

A

Macrophage present antigen to CD4 via MHC II
Macrophage secrete IL 12
CD4 differentiates to Th1 subtype, which secretes IFN gamma and converts the macrophage to epitheloid histiocyte and giant cell

40
Q

Marker for hematopoeitic stem cells (CD?)

A

CD34+

41
Q

Types of tissues based on repair and give example

A

Labile -rapidly regenerating. Bowel, marrow, skin
Stable tissue - quiescent but can re enter cell cycle - hepatocytes, proximal renal tubule
Permanent tissue - no significant regeneration. Myocardium, skeletal muscle, neurons

42
Q

Regeneration vs repair

A

Regeneration - replaced with native tissue

Repair - fibrous tissue

43
Q

Components of granulation tissue

A

Fibroblast (deposit type III collagen), myofibroblast (contract wound), and capillary

44
Q

Types of collagen

A

Type I - bone. Strong tensile strength, support
Type II - cartilage
Type III - pliable. Blood vessels, granulation, embryonic tissue
Type IV - basement membrane

45
Q

Collagen in granulation vs collagen in scar?

What enzyme removes type III and cofactor required?

A

Granulation -type 3
Scar -type 1

Collagenase
Zinc

46
Q

Growth factors functions if

TGF alpha, beta, PDGF, FGF, VEGF

A 
TGF alpha -epithelial and fibroblast 
Beta - fibroblast. inhibits inflammation
PDGF - (platelet derived GF) endothelium, smootg muscle, FGF
FGF - angiogenesis, skeletal muscle
VEGF - angiogenesis
47
Q

Primary vs Secondary intention

A

Primary -wound edges brought together, minimal scar

Secondary - edges not approximate, granulation tissue fills defect, scar formation and wound contraction

48
Q

Function of Vitamin C in wound healing

A

Procollagen needs to crosslink by hydroxylation

Gly-Pro/Lys-Hydroxypro/lys

Vitamin C hydroxylates pro and lys, and the hydroxylated ends allow crosslinking of more procollagen molecules to become mature collagen

49
Q

Function of copper in wound healing

A

Lysyl oxidase cross links lysine and hydroxylysine?

50
Q

Keloid is excess deposition of which type of collagen

A

Type III

PLE Pathology (10 decks)

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