Neoplasia

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

“new growth”

uncontrolled growth of cells

classified clinically and histologically

Question 2

Tumor

Answer 2

proliferation of neoplastic cell

Question 3

Oncology

Answer 3

the study of cancer

Question 4

Benign Tumor

Answer 4

limited growth potential and good outcome

don’t spread (stay localized)

normally encapsulated

do not cause hemorrhage and necrosis

-oma

Question 5

Malignant Tumor

Answer 5

grow uncontrollably and may eventually kill the host

invade, infiltrate

metastasize

not encapsulated

-carcinoma

Question 6

What determines the definitive diagnosis of whether a tumor is benign or malignant?

Answer 6

pathologic examination

Question 7

Benign Tumors: macroscopic features

Answer 7

sharply demarcated

often encapsulated (CT)

expansile growth - compress the normal surrounding tissue

Question 8

Malignant Tumors: macroscopic features

Answer 8

lack a capsule

not sharply demarcated

invade the surrounding tissue by infiltration

hemorrhage and necrosis

cannot be removed as easily as benign

Question 9

Metastasis

Answer 9

process in which cells move from one site to another in the body

only malignant cells have this capacity, but not all

spread of tumor cells from a primary location to some other site

Question 10

Metastasis: pathways

Answer 10

1. lympthatics (ie: breast cancer)
2. bloodstream (most common) (ie: many cancers)
3. direct extension of the primary tumor, usually by seeding of the surface of body cavities (ie: renal cell carcinoma seeding to the adrenal gland) (least common)

Question 11

Krukenberg Tumor

Answer 11

metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma going specifically to the ovary

Question 12

Benign Tumors: taxonomy

Answer 12

named according to the cell type which they resemble the most + oma

Question 13

Adenoma

Answer 13

benign tumor of epithelial and glandular origin

ie: thyroid follicular adenoma, hepatic adenoma

Question 14

Papilloma

Answer 14

benign tumor of squamous origin

ie: skin or laryngeal papillomas (aka singer’s nodule/node)

Question 15

Chondroma/Chondrosarcoma

Answer 15

tumor of cartilage tissue

Question 16

Osteoma/Osteosarcoma

Answer 16

tumor of osseous tissue

Question 17

Leiomyoma

Answer 17

benign tumor of smooth muscle

Question 18

Lipoma/Liposarcoma

Answer 18

tumor of fat tissue

Question 19

Angioma

Answer 19

benign tumor of blood vessel

Question 20

Rhabdomyoma/Rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 20

tumor of skeletal muscle

Question 21

Fibroma/Fibrosarcoma

Answer 21

tumor fibrous tissue (collagen)

Question 22

Malignant Tumors: taxonomy

Answer 22

epithelial origin = carcinoma

CT origin = sarcoma

Question 23

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 23

oral cavity or skin

Question 24

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 24

ie: prostate, breast, ovary, stomach, colon

Question 25

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Answer 25

ie: pelvis of kidney or bladder

Question 26

#1 bone tumor seen in pediatrics

Answer 26

osteosarcoma

Question 27

Not all tumors ending in "oma" are benign

Answer 27

``` MALIGNANT: lymphomas melanomas astrocytomas seminomas mesotheliomas ```

Question 28

Blastoma

Answer 28

malignant tumors composed of embryonic tissue ie: retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma

Question 29

Teratoma/Teratocarcinoma

Answer 29

tumors derived from the three germ cell layers usually in the testes or ovaries usually located within the midline of the body

Question 30

Some tumors are named for those who first described them

Answer 30

Hodgekin's lymphoma (enlarged, matted cervical lymph nodes) Ewing's sarcoma of the bone (2nd most common bone tumor in peds) Kaposi's sarcoma of the skin (blood vessel malignancy)

Question 31

Cancer Grading

Answer 31

based on: - degree of anaplasia - number of proliferating cells

Question 32

Anaplasia

Answer 32

determined by: - shape and irregularity of cells - large numbers of atypical mytoses - nuclear pleomorphism - tumor giant cells

Question 33

Grade I

Answer 33

well differentiated tumors | identifiable, look like tissue of origin

Question 34

Grade II

Answer 34

moderately differentiated

Question 35

Grade III

Answer 35

poorly or undifferentiated | cannot tell where they came from

Question 36

Cancer Staging

Answer 36

extent of spread clinical assessment of tumor spread determines medical vs surgical treatment

Question 37

Cancer Staging: based on...

Answer 37

examination radiographic studies biopsy results takes into account: - size of primary tumor - presence or absence of lymph node - distant metastasis

Question 38

TNM Cancer Staging System

Answer 38

gives a number designation to: - tumor size - lymph node status - metastasis 1=best prognosis 4=worst prognosis

Question 39

Cancer Staging: treatment

Answer 39

lymph node metastasis: more aggressive treatment distant metastasis: contraindication to surgical intervention other than palliation