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PHA 512 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

“new growth”

uncontrolled growth of cells

classified clinically and histologically

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2
Q

Tumor

A

proliferation of neoplastic cell

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3
Q

Oncology

A

the study of cancer

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4
Q

Benign Tumor

A

limited growth potential and good outcome

don’t spread (stay localized)

normally encapsulated

do not cause hemorrhage and necrosis

-oma

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5
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

grow uncontrollably and may eventually kill the host

invade, infiltrate

metastasize

not encapsulated

-carcinoma

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6
Q

What determines the definitive diagnosis of whether a tumor is benign or malignant?

A

pathologic examination

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7
Q

Benign Tumors: macroscopic features

A

sharply demarcated

often encapsulated (CT)

expansile growth - compress the normal surrounding tissue

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8
Q

Malignant Tumors: macroscopic features

A

lack a capsule

not sharply demarcated

invade the surrounding tissue by infiltration

hemorrhage and necrosis

cannot be removed as easily as benign

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9
Q

Metastasis

A

process in which cells move from one site to another in the body

only malignant cells have this capacity, but not all

spread of tumor cells from a primary location to some other site

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10
Q

Metastasis: pathways

A
  1. lympthatics (ie: breast cancer)
  2. bloodstream (most common) (ie: many cancers)
  3. direct extension of the primary tumor, usually by seeding of the surface of body cavities (ie: renal cell carcinoma seeding to the adrenal gland) (least common)
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11
Q

Krukenberg Tumor

A

metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma going specifically to the ovary

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12
Q

Benign Tumors: taxonomy

A

named according to the cell type which they resemble the most + oma

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13
Q

Adenoma

A

benign tumor of epithelial and glandular origin

ie: thyroid follicular adenoma, hepatic adenoma

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14
Q

Papilloma

A

benign tumor of squamous origin

ie: skin or laryngeal papillomas (aka singer’s nodule/node)

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15
Q

Chondroma/Chondrosarcoma

A

tumor of cartilage tissue

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16
Q

Osteoma/Osteosarcoma

A

tumor of osseous tissue

17
Q

Leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle

18
Q

Lipoma/Liposarcoma

A

tumor of fat tissue

19
Q

Angioma

A

benign tumor of blood vessel

20
Q

Rhabdomyoma/Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

tumor of skeletal muscle

21
Q

Fibroma/Fibrosarcoma

A

tumor fibrous tissue (collagen)

22
Q

Malignant Tumors: taxonomy

A

epithelial origin = carcinoma

CT origin = sarcoma

23
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

oral cavity or skin

24
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

ie: prostate, breast, ovary, stomach, colon

25
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

A

ie: pelvis of kidney or bladder

26
Q

1 bone tumor seen in pediatrics

A

osteosarcoma

27
Q

Not all tumors ending in “oma” are benign

A 
MALIGNANT: 
lymphomas
melanomas
astrocytomas
seminomas
mesotheliomas
28
Q

Blastoma

A

malignant tumors composed of embryonic tissue

ie: retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma

29
Q

Teratoma/Teratocarcinoma

A

tumors derived from the three germ cell layers

usually in the testes or ovaries

usually located within the midline of the body

30
Q

Some tumors are named for those who first described them

A

Hodgekin’s lymphoma
(enlarged, matted cervical lymph nodes)

Ewing’s sarcoma of the bone
(2nd most common bone tumor in peds)

Kaposi’s sarcoma of the skin
(blood vessel malignancy)

31
Q

Cancer Grading

A

based on:

  • degree of anaplasia
  • number of proliferating cells
32
Q

Anaplasia

A

determined by:

  • shape and irregularity of cells
  • large numbers of atypical mytoses
  • nuclear pleomorphism
  • tumor giant cells
33
Q

Grade I

A

well differentiated tumors

identifiable, look like tissue of origin

34
Q

Grade II

A

moderately differentiated

35
Q

Grade III

A

poorly or undifferentiated

cannot tell where they came from

36
Q

Cancer Staging

A

extent of spread

clinical assessment of tumor spread

determines medical vs surgical treatment

37
Q

Cancer Staging: based on…

A

examination
radiographic studies
biopsy results

takes into account:

  • size of primary tumor
  • presence or absence of lymph node
  • distant metastasis
38
Q

TNM Cancer Staging System

A

gives a number designation to:

  • tumor size
  • lymph node status
  • metastasis

1=best prognosis
4=worst prognosis

39
Q

Cancer Staging: treatment

A

lymph node metastasis: more aggressive treatment

distant metastasis: contraindication to surgical intervention other than palliation

PHA 512 (5 decks)

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