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PHA 512 > Cellular Adaptation and Cell Necrosis > Flashcards

Cellular Adaptation and Cell Necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Adaptation

A

prolonged exposure of cells to adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli

evokes various changes at the level of individual cells, tissues or whole organs

cause removed

  • most cells revert to normalcy
  • some do not –> detrimental results
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2
Q

How Cells Adapt to Change (6)

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia
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3
Q

Atrophy: definition

A

Decrease in size of a tissue, organ or entire body

physiologic or pathologic

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4
Q

Atrophy: physiologic

A

thymus undergoing involution

ovaries, uterus and breasts after menopause

atrophic bones and muscles in the elderly become thin and prone to fracture

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5
Q

Atrophy: pathologic

A

ischemic organs are typically small (ie: kidneys involved with atherosclerosis)

  • testicular atrophy
  • alzheimer dementia
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6
Q

Hypertrophy: definition

A

an increase in the size of tissues or organs due to enlargement of individual cells

physiologic or pathologic

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7
Q

Hypertrophy: physiologic

A

enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders due to weights

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8
Q

Hypertrophy: pathologic

A

heart adapts to increased workload

-concentric hypertrophy of L ventricular muscle mass (HT) is adaptive response to L ventricular pressure overload

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9
Q

Hyperplasia: definition

A

an adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs

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10
Q

Hyperplasia: pathologic

A

endometrial hyperplasia (due to estrogens)

hyperplastic polyps (of the colon or stomach)

hyperplastic prostate (BPH) - inc in size and number of glands and stroma

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11
Q

Hyperplasia: physiologic

A

hypertrophy of the uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy is accompanied by hyperplasia

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12
Q

Metaplasia: definition

A

an adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment

reversible

can progress to dysplasia

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13
Q

Metaplasia: pathologic

A

squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking

gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett Esophagus

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14
Q

Dysplasia: definition

A

disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection

precancerous condition

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15
Q

Dysplasia: pathologic

A

detection of cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) based on pap smears

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16
Q

Anaplasia: definition

A

undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells

aka: malignancy, carcinoma, cancer, neoplasm

17
Q

Anaplasia: pathologic

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

cancer of the lung

malignant melanoma

renal cell carcinoma

18
Q

Anaplasia: microscopic hallmarks

A
  1. cellular pleomorphism
  2. irregular and hyperchromatic nuclei
  3. extremely high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
  4. large nucleoli
  5. large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures
19
Q

Cell Necrosis: definition

A

the death of cells or groups of cells within a living organism

20
Q

Cell Necrosis v. Autolysis

A

Necrosis: seen in the living (w/ inflammation)

Autolysis: seen after death

21
Q

Types of Necrosis

A

coagulative
liquefactive
caseous
fat

22
Q

Coagulative Necrosis: definition

A

most common form of necrosis

cell proteins are altered or denatured

cell outlines preserved

cytoplasm appears finely granular

23
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A

location: solid organs (heart, kidney, spleen, liver)
cause: anoxia
ie: heart tissue undergoing a myocardial infarction

24
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis: definition

A

process by which dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes

tissue becomes soft and gel-like

25
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A

location: brain

ie:
- brain infarcts (stroke)
- bacterial infection - abscesses in the lungs/liver

26
Q

Caseous Necrosis: definition

A

a form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

27
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

location: tuberculosis

ie:

  • Ghon complex (lung granulomas with caseous necrosis inside)
  • some fungal infections (Histoplasmosis)
28
Q

Fat Necrosis: definition

A

a specialized form of liquefaction necrosis caused by the action of lipolytic enzymes

29
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

location: fat tissue (usually around pancreas, also breast)

rupture of pancreas –> enzymes released into fat tissue –> fat degradated into glycerol and FFA –> FFA binds with Ca –> soaps formed –> white calcified specks

30
Q

Wet v. Dry Gangrene

A

Wet: inflammation and secondary liquefaction of coagulated tissue following bacterial infection

ie: advanced decubitus ulcers

Dry: necrotic tissue dries out - becomes black and mummified

31
Q

Underlying infections contributing to gangrene…

A

infarction of the intestines or in a limb

atherosclerosis
diabetes

32
Q

Dystrophic Calcifications: definition

A

macroscopic deposition of calcium in injured or dead tissues

represents an extracellular deposition of Ca from the circulation into dead or dying necrotic tissue

33
Q

Dystrophic Calcifications: examples

A
  1. calcifications in atherosclerotic coronary arteries –> narrow vessels
  2. calcifications of mitral or aortic valves –> impeded blood flow (stenosis)
  3. calcification around breast cancers
  4. infant periventricular calcifications in congenital Toxoplasmosis
34
Q

Metastatic Calcifications: definition

A

deranged calcium metabolism

associated with increased serum calcium levels

35
Q

Metastatic Calcifications: examples

A

hyperparathyroidism
vitamin D toxicity
chronic renal failure

calcium stone formation in:
-gallbladder
-kidney
-bladder
(due to precipitation of salts from solution into tissues)

PHA 512 (5 decks)

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