Neoplasia Flashcards
“New Growth”
Neoplasia
Uncontrolled growth of cells, whose proliferation cannot be controlled by normal regulatory mechanisms of normal tissues
Neoplasia
The proliferation of neoplastic cells lead to what?
Tumors, in latin means “swelling”
Greek word for swelling
“Onkos”
Not all neoplasms are tumors. What is an example of this?
Leukemia
Not all swellings are neoplasms. Give an example.
Inflammations
How are tumors classified? (2 ways)
- Clinically (takes into account pt presentation & outcome)
- Histologically (gives morphologic make-up of neoplasm)
Are tumors classified as benign/malignant based on clinical presentation or histology?
The correlation of both
Tumor w/ limited growth potential & good outcome
Benign tumor
Tumor which grows uncontrollably & may kill host eventually
Malignant tumor
Definitive dx of tumors, whether benign or malignant is made by what?
The pathologist through pathologic examination
Tumors which are sharply demarcated from normal tissue & often encapsulated
Benign tumors
The capsule of a benign tumor is composed of what?
Connective tissue
Which tumors have an “expansile growth” and usually compress the normal surrounding tissue.
Expansile growth: pushing and well-circumscribed tumor border.
Benign tumors
(Macroscopic feature)
“Aden” + “Oma”
What do they mean?
What is an example?
Aden = glandular
Oma = benign
Ex: Colonic Polyp (tubular adenoma)
What are “fibroid tumors” called?
Give an example.
Leiomyoma
Ex: benign Leiomyomas of the Uterus
Tumors which lack a capsule and are not sharply demarcated from normal tissue.
Malignant tumors
(macroscopic features)
Which tumors invade surrounding tissue by infiltration causing a hallmark, “hemorrhage and necrosis” within the tissue?
Malignant tumors
(Macroscopic features)
- Why can’t malignant tumors be removed as easily as benign tumors?
- What is done instead of surgical removal?
- Due to infiltrative growth & lack of sharp borders.
- Debulking & chemotherapy
1 pediatric tumor of infancy
Wilms Tumor - Hemorrhage & Necrosis
(Kidney w/ huge mass)
*Malignant
- Process in which cells move from one site to another in the body
- Only malignant tumor cells have this capacity
- Involves spread of tumor cells from a primary location to some other site in body
Metastasis
What is the one example of malignant cells which are not capable of metastasis?
Primary brain tumors (they will not leave the neuro axis, can only go to brain and spinal cord)
- How many routes of metastasis are their? (pathways)
- What are they?
- 3
- Lymphatics
- Bloodstream
- Direct extension of primary tumor, usually by seeding of the surface of body cavities
What route of metastasis does breast cancer take?
Lymphatics
Which route of metastasis do most/many cancers take?
Bloodstream
Which route of metastasis does Renal Cell Carcinoma seeding to adrenal gland take?
Direct extension
**Metastatic Stomach Carcinoma to Ovary, what is this called?**
Krukenberg Tumor
Retain the microscopic features of their tissue of origin and are named according to the cell type which they resemble most
Cells of benign tumors, named by their cell type plus “OMA”
If epithelial and glandular origin, what is the name of the benign tumor?
Adenoma
(Ex: Thyroid follicular adenoma, hepatic adenoma)
If squamous origin, what is the name of the benign tumor?
Papilloma
(Ex: skin or laryngeal papillomas)
What would the name of a benign thyroid tumor be called?
(thyroid gland)
Thyroid Follicular Adenoma
What is a benign liver tumor called?
Hepatic Adenoma
What is a benign tumor on the skin of someone’s hand called?
Papilloma
If a tumor is benign and of mesenchymal (embryonic connective tissue that is derived from the mesoderm) or connective tissue origin, how is it named?
Origin tissue + OMA
Chondroma
Benign tumor on cartilage (connective tissue)
Osteoma
Benign tumor from osseous tissue *bone*
(usually on skull)
Leiomyoma
Benign tumor on smooth muscle
Lipoma
Benign tumor on fat tissue
Angioma
Benign tumor on blood vessel
Rhabdomyoma
Benign tumor on skeletal muscle
Fibroma
Benign tumor on fibrous tissue (collagen)
What are malignant tumors of epithelial origin called?
Carcinomas
Malignant tumors of breast, prostate, ovary, stomach, or colon are called what?
Adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma is found where?
- Pelvis of kidneys
- Bladder
Breast Carcinoma and Gastric Carcinoma can also be called what?
Adenocarcinoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and Colon Cancer can also be called what?
Adenocarcinoma
What are malignant tumors of connective tissue origin called?
Sarcoma
Malignant fibrous tissue is called what?
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant fat tissue is called what?
Liposarcoma
Malignant bone tissue is called what?
Osteosarcoma
Malignant cartilage is called what?
Chondrosarcoma
Malignant skeletal muscle is called what?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant smooth muscle is called what?
Leiomyosarcoma
Where is a liposarcoma commonly found?
Retroperitoneal (fat around kidney becomes malignant)
A common tumor in pediatric patients. Malignant bone tumors.
Osteosarcoma
- Common tumor in young female pediatric patients described a “grape-like clusters”
- Easily treatable
- Develops on vaginal orifice
- Malignant
Rhabdomyosarcoma
(Sarcoma Botryoides)
What are the 6 malignant tumors which end in OMA
(exceptions to the “Benign Oma Rule”)
- Lymphoma
- Melanoma
- Astrocytoma (most common glial brain tumor)
- Seminoma (most common primary testicular tumor)
- Mesothelioma
- Blastoma
Very malignant and aggressive due to long term exposure to Asbestos
Mesothelliomas (Rind Tumor)
Malignant tumors composed of embryonic tissue
Blastomas
- Ex: retinoblastoma of eye
- neuroblastoma of adrenal gland
- Medulloblastoma from cerebellum (#1 pediatric brain tumor)
