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Pathophys Exam 1 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Nonspecific, predictable response of living tissue to injury

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Examples of chronic inflammation

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis

- Lupus

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3
Q

Noxious

A

Fever

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4
Q

Inflammation has a protective role/generally beneficial, but can be uncontrollable and be harmful. What’s an example of this?

A

Pulmonary TB, can erode pulmonary vessels and cause massive bleeding (hemoptysis)

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5
Q

How is inflammation helpful forensically?

A

Inflammation only occurs in living tissues. In forensics is a “vital reaction” and indicated injury occurred before death.

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6
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A
  • Calor (heat)
  • Rubor (redness)
  • Tumor (swelling)
  • Dolor (pain)
  • Functio laesa (loss of function)
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7
Q

Represents the body’s first response to injury (inflammation)

A

Changes in blood flow

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8
Q

Acts as sphincters and regulate inflow of blood into capillaries when mechanical stimulus (burn) stimulates nerves

A

Smooth muscle cells on pre-capillary arterioles

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9
Q

Are precapillary sphincters normally open or closed?

A

Closed. They open with “acute inflammation” and dilation allows blood to flow to site causing (redness, warmth, swelling)

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10
Q
  • What is the 1st response of arterioles to injurious stimuli? How long does it last?
  • 2nd response?
A
  • Vasoconstriction, a few seconds

- Vasodilation (relaxation of precapillary sphincters)

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11
Q

Hyperemia

A

Excess of blood in the vessels (which causes warmth)

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12
Q

Which vessels cannot actively regulate incoming blood flow. Why?

A

-Capillaries
-Venules
Because they only have endothelial layer and basement membrane

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13
Q

Increased pressure in capillaries/venules leads to what?

A

It forces plasma filtration thru vessel wall –> edema

Ex: blister filled w/ clear fluid (plasma w/o RBC or WBC)

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14
Q

Edema causes blood flow in the dilated capillaries/venules to be slow due to what?

A

Hemoconcentration, so RBC stack on top of each other

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15
Q

Sludged erythrocytes form stacks called what? What results?

A

“Rouleaux”

-Slows circulation even more

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16
Q

What happens after “rouleaux”

A

“Pavementing”

-WBCs marginate and attach to edge of endothelium and develop elongated protusions (become sticky) to adhere to endothetlial cells lining capillaries/venules

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17
Q

What squeezes through gap junction

A

Neutrophils, after squeezing through they are at the site to perform phagocytosis

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18
Q

Normally present on leukocytes and endothelial cell in an inactive form

A

Surface adhesion molecules

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19
Q

During inflammation, surface components of leukocytes/endothelial cells are activated by soluble mediators of inflammation which are normally present in blood. What are these called?

A

Interleukins

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20
Q

Derived in part from platelets and leukocytes

A

interleukins

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21
Q

One of the most important triggers for release of mediators of inflammation

A

Adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells

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22
Q

What substance initiates clotting which leads to fibrin strands which anchor leukocytes to the vessel wall?

A

Platelets

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23
Q

The increased permeability of vessel walls of capillaries/venules lasts how long?

A

hours to days

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24
Q

Leakage of fluid from vessels into interstitial spaces

A

edema

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25
Q

In acute inflammation, most of the cells are what?

A

Neutrophils (PMNs)

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26
Q

As inflammation evolves, PMNs are joined by which cells after how many hours?

A
  • Monocytes (also phagocytic)

- Within 24 hours

27
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils (PMNs)

A

2 to 4 days

28
Q

As inflammation proceeds and the neutrophils die/become less prominent. What 3 are they replaced by?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells

29
Q

4 phases in which neutrophils emigrate thru vessel wall

A
  1. Adhesion of PMN to endothelium
  2. Insertion of cytoplasmic pseudopods between junctions of endothelial cells (squeeze thru gap junctions)
  3. Pass thru basement membrane
  4. Ameboid movement away from vessel towards cause of inflammation (bacteria)
30
Q

Active movement of PMNs along a concentration gradient is called what? What are they moving towards?

A

“Chemotaxis”

-Chemoattractant (bacteria or tissues destroyed by inflammation) or activated compliment

31
Q

To make tasty for neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages

A

Opsonization

32
Q

When do PMNs lose their mobility?

A

When they reach the bacteria or other chemoattractant. Now is when they do phagocytosis

33
Q

How do PMNs recognize bacterium as foreign?

A

Psedudopods extending from their surface

34
Q

The ____ of the PMN attached to the ___ of the bacteria

A
  • Cell membrane of PMN

- Cell wall of bacteria

35
Q

What 2 things act as opsonins (make tasty)

What becomes opsonized?

A

-Immunoglobulins
-Complement
(facilitate attachment of PMN to bacteria)
-Bacteria becomes opsonized to be eaten

36
Q

Many leukocytes/PMNs have receptors for what 2 things which mediate contact w/ bacteria?

A

-C3
-Fc
(receptors)

37
Q

Engulfment of bacterium. Cytoplasm of PMN surrounds foreign particle, invagination of cell membrane

A

Phagocytosis

38
Q

W/ phagocytosis, how is the bacteria killed?

A

Inside the phagocytic vacuole, bacteriocidal substances are released from cytoplasm of PMN

39
Q

Specific granule

A

Secondary granule

40
Q

Non-specific

A

Primary granule

41
Q

What is discharged into lumen of phagocytic vacuole during phagocytosis?

A

Contents of “specific granules” from PMNs

42
Q

Dead/dying PMNs along w/ tissue debris

A

Pus (viscous yellow fluid)

43
Q

Inflammations dominated by pus formation

A

Purulent/supparative inflammations

44
Q

Inflammation produces what 2 important clinical findings (typically)

A
  1. Fever (over 37C)

2. Leukocytosis

45
Q

A fever is a typical response to acute inflammation. What 2 substances act on thermoregulator centers in the hypothalamus

A
  • Interleukin I

- Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

46
Q

Serves as a thermostat

A

Hypothalamus

47
Q

The fever is mediated by what 2 prostaglandins? released from what?

A

-IL-2
-TNF
(released from pyrogens)

48
Q

Released from PMNs and macrophages during inflammation

A

Pyrogens

49
Q

Normal blood has how many leukocytes (WBC)?

A

Less than 10,000

50
Q

Mediators of inflammation act on what? Which stimulates rapid release of leukocytes

A

bone marrow

51
Q

Blood has how many leukocytes to be considered (leukocytosis)

A

Over 12,000 to 15,000

52
Q

What predominates in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

53
Q

5 non-specific sxs of leukocytosis

A
  • weakness
  • depression
  • pain
  • exhaustion
  • no appetite
54
Q

In what 3 settings can inflammation be seen by a medical professional?

A
  • PE
  • Surgery
  • Autopsy
55
Q

6 types of pathologic inflammation

A
  • Serous
  • Fibrinous
  • Purulent
  • Ulcerative
  • Pseudomembranous
  • Granulomatous
56
Q
  • Mildest form of inflammation

- Occurs in early stages of inflammation

A

Serous inflammation

57
Q

Type of inflammation:

  • viral infections (herpes)
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • 2nd degree burns w/ blisters
A

Serous Inflammation

58
Q

Type of inflammation:

  • bacterial infections (strep or PNA)
  • Pericarditis
A

Fibrinous inflammation

59
Q

Type of inflammation:

  • Staph/Strept
  • abscess
A

Purulent inflammation

60
Q

Type of inflammation:

  • occurs on body surfaces or mucosa of hollow organs (stomach/intestines)
  • Defect involving epithelium
A

Ulcerative inflammation

61
Q

Type of inflammation:

  • form of ulcerative inflammation combined w/ fibrinopurulent exudation
  • exudate of fibrin, pus, cell debris, mucous
  • C. diff
A

Pseudomembranous inflammation

62
Q

exudate of fibrin, pus, cell debris, and mucous forms what?

A

Pseudomembrane on surface of ulcers (can be scraped away which causes profuse bleeding)

63
Q

Type of inflammation:

  • special form of chronic inflammation that is not preceeded by acute inflammation
  • can be caused by antigens which evoke cell mediated hypersensitivity rxn or that persist at site of inflammation
A

Granulomatous inflammation

64
Q

Examples of granulomatous inflammation

A
  • TB

- certain fungal diseases

Pathophys Exam 1 (14 decks)

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