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Pathophys Exam 1 > Cell Adaptation/Necrosis > Flashcards

Cell Adaptation/Necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

Prolonged exposure of cells to adverse/exaggerated normal stimuli –> evokes various changes of individual cells/tissues/whole organs. When cause removed, adapted cells revert to normal and some do not (detrimental results)

A

Cell adaptation

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2
Q

**6 ways cell adapt to change**

A
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Anaplasia
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3
Q

Decrease in size of tissue, organ, or entire body

A

atrophy

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4
Q

2 types of atrophy

A
  • physiologic
  • pathologic
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5
Q

3 examples of physiologic atrophy

A
  • Involution of thymus
  • Menopause (ovaries/uterus/breasts)
  • Osteoporosis (bones and muscles in elderly thin/prone to fx)
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6
Q

3 examples of pathologic atrophy

A
  • kidneys shrinking due to atherosclerosis
  • testicular atrophy
  • Alzheimer Dementia
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7
Q

Ischemic organs are typically small or large? What is this an example of?

A

Small, due to atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries decreases blood supply). An example of pathologic atrophy.

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8
Q

Widening of sulci, narrowing of girations, spares occiput

A

Pathologic atrophy from Alzheimer’s Disease

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9
Q

**Best example of pathologic atrophy?**

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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10
Q

Increase in size of tissues/organs due to enlargement of individual cells

A

Hypertrophy

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11
Q

Example of physiologic hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders due to weights

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12
Q

Example of pathologic hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of heart which occurs as adaptation to increased workload (HTN)

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13
Q

What is the best example of pathologic hypertrophy?

A

Typically seen w/ HTN (enlarged heart)

  • Concentric pathologic hypertrophy of left ventricular muscle, an adaptive response to left ventricular pressure overload
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14
Q

Adaptive increase in number of cells, causes enlargement of tissues/organs

A

Hyperplasia

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15
Q

Example of hyperplastic hyperplasia

A

Hyperplastic polyps of color or stomach (benign)

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16
Q

Example of hyperplasia in women?

A

Edometrial hyperplasia due to estrogens (benign, causes vaginal bleeding)

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17
Q

Can hyperplasia and hypertrophy be seen together?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Example where hyperplasia is seen along w/ hypertrophy in women?

A

-Physiologic hypertrophy of uterine smooth muscle cells w/ pregnancy is accompanied by hyperplasia

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19
Q

Example where hyperplasia is seen along w/ hypertrophy in men?

A

-Hyperplastic prostate (BPH- benign prostatic hyperplasia) results in both size AND number of glands and stroma

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20
Q

Adaptive change of one cell type for another cell type to suit the environment

A

Metaplasia

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21
Q

2 examples of metaplasia

A
  • bronchial epithelium changes w/ smoking cigarettes
  • gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett Esophagus
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22
Q

Is metaplasia reversible? Why?

A

Yes, it is always pathologic, never physiologic

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23
Q

Normal epithelium in non-smoker changes to which epithelium in smoker?

A

mucus-secreting ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

The #1 type of squamous metaplasia of bronchial epithelium

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

25
Q

Disordered growth of tissues from chronic irritation or infection

A

Dysplasia

26
Q

Pre-cancerous condition

A

Dysplasia

27
Q

Best example of dysplastic changes as it relates to disease

A

Cervical dysplasia (CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) ** association of dysplasias/cervical cancers w/ HPV

28
Q

HPV loves which type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

29
Q

Type of mild dysplasia

A

CIN 1 (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)

30
Q

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells

A

Anaplasia (the hallmark of malignant transformation) = cancer

31
Q

4 names of anaplasia

A
  • Cancer
  • Neoplasm
  • Carcinoma
  • Malignancy
32
Q

4 examples of anaplasia

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma of cervix
  • Lung cancer
  • Malignant Melanoma
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
33
Q

5 microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia

A
  1. Cell and Nuclei w/ pleomorphism (varied size/shape)
  2. Nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic (purple)
  3. Super high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C ratio is 1:1 and normally is 1:6)
  4. Large nucleoli within nucleus
  5. Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures
34
Q

Death of cells or groups of cells (tissues) within a LIVING organism

A

Necrosis

35
Q

Necrosis in tissues after death of an organism

A

Autolysis

36
Q

**4 types of necrosis**

A
  • Coagulative
  • Liquefactive
  • Caseous
  • Fat
37
Q

Most common form of necrosis

A

Coagulative necrosis

38
Q

Type of necrosis when cell proteins are altered/denatured (cooking eggs). Histologically, cell outlines are preserved and cytoplasm is finely granular

A

Coagulative necrosis

39
Q

Type of necrosis which occurs in solid internal organs (heart, kidney, spleen, liver) and is caused by Anoxia (lack of O2 in blood supply) Best example?

A

Coagulative necrosis -Heart tissue w/ MI

40
Q

Type of necrosis where dead cells liquify due to certain cell enzymes. Tissues become soft/gel like

A

Liquefactive necrosis

41
Q

Where does liquefactive necrosis occur most often?

A

Brain, cells lose contours and liquefy (typical of brain infarct). Soft and transformed into fluid filled cavity

42
Q

Another example of liquefactive necrosis other than brain?

A

Bacterial infections in which cavity may develop (abscesses in lungs)

43
Q

A form of coagulative necrosis where thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

A

Caseous necrosis

44
Q

2 examples of caseous necrosis

A

-TB -Fungal infections such as Histoplasmosis

45
Q

Ghon Complex (development of lung granulomas). Usually heals containing infection.

A

Caseous necrosis found in TB

46
Q

Specialized form of liquefacation necrosis caused by action of lipolytic enzymes

A

Fat necrosis

47
Q

Example of fat necrosis

A

-After rupture of pancreas due to trauma or acute pancreatitis, enzymes are released into adjacent fat tissue causing degradation of fat into glycerol and FFA

48
Q

With pancreatic trauma, once the fat is degraded to form glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA), what do the FFA bind with and form?

A

Bind with Ca and form soaps causing white calcified specks (a sign of fat necrosis)

49
Q

Bacterial infection of coagulated tissue leading to inflammation and secondary liquefaction

A

Wet gangrene

50
Q

Provides a good medium for infection by bacteria

A

Necrotic tissues

51
Q

Wet Gangrene is also called what?

A

Advanced decubitus ulcers

52
Q

Necrotic tissue becomes black and mummified

A

Dry gangrene (necrotic tissue dries out)

53
Q

What 2 underlying conditions contribute to gangrene?

A
  • Infarction of intestines -
  • Infarction in a limb (usually caused by atherosclerosis or diabetes)
54
Q

Necrotic tissue attracts calcium salts and frequently undergoes calcification (macroscopic deposition of Ca in injured/dead tissues)

A

Dystrophic Calcifications

55
Q
  • Visible to naked eye
  • Range from gritty/sand like grains to firm/rock hard material
A

Dystrophic Calcifications

56
Q

4 examples of dystrophic calcifications

A

Calcifications of:

  1. Atherosclerotic coronary arteries (narrowing of vessels)
  2. Mitral/Aortic valves (impeding blood flow = stenosis)
  3. Breast cancers (seen on mammography)
  4. Infant periventricular calcifications (congenital toxoplasmosis) - pregnancy and litter boxes
57
Q
  • Deranged calcium metabolism (NOT cell injury).
  • Associated w/ increased serum Ca levels, leads to deposition of Ca in other locations
A

Metastatic Calcifications

58
Q

Metastatic calcifications are seen in what 3 disorders?

A
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Vit D toxicity
  • Chronic Renal Failure
59
Q
  • Metastatic calcifications forms Ca stones in which 3 organs?
  • Due to what?
A
  • Gallbladder
  • Kidneys
  • Bladder
  • (due to precipitation of salts from solution into tissues)

Pathophys Exam 1 (14 decks)

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