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Radiation therapy 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Australia?

A

Cancer

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2
Q

Most common cancers?

A

Prostate, colorectal, breast, melanoma and lung

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3
Q

Do cells have to divide to become cancerous?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

90 percent of cancers with epilthelial origin

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5
Q

Mutations occur during what phase?

A

During cell replication

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6
Q

Epithelial cells are capable of?

A

Dividing and some continuous, on the frontline requires multiple mutations to turn cancerous

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7
Q

What does tumour mean?

A

Swelling?

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8
Q

Where do benign tumours grown in?

A

In a capsule made of storms

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9
Q

What is a malignant tom our?

A

Potentially fatal

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10
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Connective tissue

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11
Q

3 types of tissue?

A

Labile- continuously dividing epithelial, haempoietic stem cells

Stable (quiscent) do divide not continuous
Epithelial, smooth muscle

Permanent (non dividing) cardiac and skeletal myocytes, neuron

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12
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Dividing of cells

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13
Q

If you stress normal cells they can change what’s this called?

A

Metaplasia reversible process means cells can adapt

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14
Q

Normals cells can adapt to

A

Metaplasia and hyperplasia

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15
Q

Metaplasia can?

A

Can increase risk of mutation

Common site -cervix

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16
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Pre cancerous change

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17
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number more likely for mutations

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18
Q

Mutations can lead to?

A

Dysplasia- abnormal cell how they look and genes

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19
Q

What is atypia and polymorphism?

A

Atypia- abnormal cells

Polymorphism- all abnormal cells are different

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20
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth or tumour

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21
Q

Mutations can cause?

A

Permanent changes in DNA

Germ cells: transmitted to progeny-inherited diseases cancers
Somatic cells:not transmitted cancers congenital malformations

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22
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Cause damage directly through increasing oxidant production or reduce anti oxidant defences

Caused by IV alcohol genetics viruses

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23
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell suicide programmed cell death can be triggered externally

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24
Q

Goal of cancer treatment?

A

To get cancerous

cells to undergo apoptosis

25
What is carcinogenesis?
Imitation of cancer formation
26
What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes targeted by genetic damage?
- Growth promoting proto-oncogenes - growth inhibiting tumour suppressing genes - genes that regulate apoptosis - DNA repair genes
27
Do cancer cells ignore chemical signals?
Yes
28
What is angiogenesis?
Growth of new blood vessels Benign -more organised Malignant everywhere
29
Cancer cells can
Break away base Membrane Secrete enzymes Invade connective tissues
30
What is the Warburg effect?
Use glucose to generate energy | Proliferative tissues uses aerobic glycolysis- uses less oxidants produces more byproducts to make cell membranes
31
Mutations disrupt what pathways?
Growth signals Apoptosis Cell cycle arrest DNA repair
32
Accumulating genetic hits stages?
``` Normal cell -DNA damage-apoptosis -Genetic instability-daughters cells have mutation -unregulated cell Division -invasive cancers ```
33
Characteristics of benign tumours?
``` Never metastasises Well differentiated-resemble starting cell -encapsulated -homogenous (uniformity of cells) -cytoplasmic ratio (1:4 or 1:6) -slow growing ```
34
Characteristics of malignant cancers?
-Can potentially metastasise -well differentiated or undifferentiated -heterogenous -infiltrative growth -increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (1:1) Fast growing- area of Necrosis, many mitotic cells
35
What is metastasises?
Cancer cells moving to another site via three routes: - blood - lymph - direct seeding-she'd cells into pleural cavity
36
Most common sites metastatic growth?
``` Capillary bed Lungs Kidney Brain Bone ```
37
Naming of tumour is after?
Origin of cell
38
Types of connective tissue?
``` Fibrous tissue Muscle Cartilage Bone Fat Endothelium ```
39
Premix for malignant tumours?
Sarc
40
Most rare sarcoma?
Osteosarcoma
41
Epithelial cells are named after their?
Growth pattern/characteristics
42
Glandular eptithelium?
Cells that secrete Endocrine-into blood Exocrine-into a duct
43
What is the mesothelial cells?
Not epithelial cells produce melanocytes
44
Two example of benign tumours ?
Mature ovarian teratoma Meningioma Germ cell tumours In testes all tumours are malignant
45
Testicular tumours?
Immature teratoma | Seminoma
46
Types of malignant tumours?
``` Sarcomas Carcinomas Immature teratoma Seminoma Melanoma Leukaemias Mesothelioma Gliomas ```
47
Process of parhogenesis?
Normal tissue Multiple mutations Malignant or benign- either stops there or continues Benign More mutations Malignant
48
Another pathway of pathogenesis?
``` Normal tissue Sustained stress Metaplasia Multiple mutations Dysplasia Further mutations Malignant cancer ```
49
Pathogensis of melanoma?
Normal tissue Multiple mutations Malignant cancer
50
Pathogenesis for | Mesothelioma?
Normal tissue-genetic hits-malignant cancer
51
Pathogenesis of ovarian teratoma and leiomyoma?
Normal tissue - multiple mutations - benign tumours
52
Pathogenesis of colon?
Normal tissue- multiple mutations - benign tumour- further mutations- malignant cancer
53
Pathogenesis of the lung ad cervix?
Normal tissue - sustained stress - metaplasia - multiple mutations - dysplasia - further mutations - malignant cancer
54
Grading of cancer?
1-4 estimates how aggressive the cancer is varies for cancer type
55
Staging system?
TNM T1-4 depends on size of tumour N0-N3- number of lymph nodes M0-M1- metastasises
56
Affect on host?
Location important Hormones, obstruction, Cancer cachexia
57
Treatments?
Surgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Hormone therapy
58
Side effects on host?
Healthy cells lost-epithelial, immune | Mutations in surrounding cells-mesothelial, lymphoid

Radiation therapy 1 (13 decks)

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