Neoplasia Flashcards
What is the leading cause of death in Australia?
Cancer
Most common cancers?
Prostate, colorectal, breast, melanoma and lung
Do cells have to divide to become cancerous?
Yes
What are carcinomas?
90 percent of cancers with epilthelial origin
Mutations occur during what phase?
During cell replication
Epithelial cells are capable of?
Dividing and some continuous, on the frontline requires multiple mutations to turn cancerous
What does tumour mean?
Swelling?
Where do benign tumours grown in?
In a capsule made of storms
What is a malignant tom our?
Potentially fatal
What is the stroma?
Connective tissue
3 types of tissue?
Labile- continuously dividing epithelial, haempoietic stem cells
Stable (quiscent) do divide not continuous
Epithelial, smooth muscle
Permanent (non dividing) cardiac and skeletal myocytes, neuron
What is proliferation?
Dividing of cells
If you stress normal cells they can change what’s this called?
Metaplasia reversible process means cells can adapt
Normals cells can adapt to
Metaplasia and hyperplasia
Metaplasia can?
Can increase risk of mutation
Common site -cervix
What is dysplasia?
Pre cancerous change
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in cell number more likely for mutations
Mutations can lead to?
Dysplasia- abnormal cell how they look and genes
What is atypia and polymorphism?
Atypia- abnormal cells
Polymorphism- all abnormal cells are different
What is neoplasia?
New growth or tumour
Mutations can cause?
Permanent changes in DNA
Germ cells: transmitted to progeny-inherited diseases cancers
Somatic cells:not transmitted cancers congenital malformations
What are mutagens?
Cause damage directly through increasing oxidant production or reduce anti oxidant defences
Caused by IV alcohol genetics viruses
What is apoptosis?
Cell suicide programmed cell death can be triggered externally
Goal of cancer treatment?
To get cancerous
cells to undergo apoptosis
What is carcinogenesis?
Imitation of cancer formation
What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes targeted by genetic damage?
- Growth promoting proto-oncogenes
- growth inhibiting tumour suppressing genes
- genes that regulate apoptosis
- DNA repair genes
Do cancer cells ignore chemical signals?
Yes
What is angiogenesis?
Growth of new blood vessels
Benign -more organised
Malignant everywhere
Cancer cells can
Break away base
Membrane
Secrete enzymes
Invade connective tissues
What is the Warburg effect?
Use glucose to generate energy
Proliferative tissues uses aerobic glycolysis- uses less oxidants produces more byproducts to make cell membranes
Mutations disrupt what pathways?
Growth signals
Apoptosis
Cell cycle arrest
DNA repair
Accumulating genetic hits stages?
Normal cell -DNA damage-apoptosis -Genetic instability-daughters cells have mutation -unregulated cell Division -invasive cancers
Characteristics of benign tumours?
Never metastasises Well differentiated-resemble starting cell -encapsulated -homogenous (uniformity of cells) -cytoplasmic ratio (1:4 or 1:6) -slow growing
Characteristics of malignant cancers?
-Can potentially metastasise
-well differentiated or undifferentiated
-heterogenous
-infiltrative growth
-increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (1:1)
Fast growing- area of
Necrosis, many mitotic cells
What is metastasises?
Cancer cells moving to another site via three routes:
- blood
- lymph
- direct seeding-she’d cells into pleural cavity
Most common sites metastatic growth?
Capillary bed Lungs Kidney Brain Bone
Naming of tumour is after?
Origin of cell
Types of connective tissue?
Fibrous tissue Muscle Cartilage Bone Fat Endothelium
Premix for malignant tumours?
Sarc
Most rare sarcoma?
Osteosarcoma
Epithelial cells are named after their?
Growth pattern/characteristics
Glandular eptithelium?
Cells that secrete
Endocrine-into blood
Exocrine-into a duct
What is the mesothelial cells?
Not epithelial cells produce melanocytes
Two example of benign tumours ?
Mature ovarian teratoma
Meningioma
Germ cell tumours
In testes all tumours are malignant
Testicular tumours?
Immature teratoma
Seminoma
Types of malignant tumours?
Sarcomas Carcinomas Immature teratoma Seminoma Melanoma Leukaemias Mesothelioma Gliomas
Process of parhogenesis?
Normal tissue
Multiple mutations
Malignant or benign- either stops there or continues
Benign
More mutations
Malignant
Another pathway of pathogenesis?
Normal tissue Sustained stress Metaplasia Multiple mutations Dysplasia Further mutations Malignant cancer
Pathogensis of melanoma?
Normal tissue
Multiple mutations
Malignant cancer
Pathogenesis for
Mesothelioma?
Normal tissue-genetic hits-malignant cancer
Pathogenesis of ovarian teratoma and leiomyoma?
Normal tissue - multiple mutations - benign tumours
Pathogenesis of colon?
Normal tissue- multiple mutations - benign tumour- further mutations- malignant cancer
Pathogenesis of the lung ad cervix?
Normal tissue - sustained stress - metaplasia - multiple mutations - dysplasia - further mutations - malignant cancer
Grading of cancer?
1-4 estimates how aggressive the cancer is varies for cancer type
Staging system?
TNM
T1-4 depends on size of tumour
N0-N3- number of lymph nodes
M0-M1- metastasises
Affect on host?
Location important
Hormones, obstruction,
Cancer cachexia
Treatments?
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy
Side effects on host?
Healthy cells lost-epithelial, immune
Mutations in surrounding cells-mesothelial, lymphoid
