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Radiation therapy 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Australia?

A

Cancer

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2
Q

Most common cancers?

A

Prostate, colorectal, breast, melanoma and lung

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3
Q

Do cells have to divide to become cancerous?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

90 percent of cancers with epilthelial origin

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5
Q

Mutations occur during what phase?

A

During cell replication

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6
Q

Epithelial cells are capable of?

A

Dividing and some continuous, on the frontline requires multiple mutations to turn cancerous

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7
Q

What does tumour mean?

A

Swelling?

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8
Q

Where do benign tumours grown in?

A

In a capsule made of storms

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9
Q

What is a malignant tom our?

A

Potentially fatal

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10
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Connective tissue

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11
Q

3 types of tissue?

A

Labile- continuously dividing epithelial, haempoietic stem cells

Stable (quiscent) do divide not continuous
Epithelial, smooth muscle

Permanent (non dividing) cardiac and skeletal myocytes, neuron

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12
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Dividing of cells

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13
Q

If you stress normal cells they can change what’s this called?

A

Metaplasia reversible process means cells can adapt

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14
Q

Normals cells can adapt to

A

Metaplasia and hyperplasia

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15
Q

Metaplasia can?

A

Can increase risk of mutation

Common site -cervix

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16
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Pre cancerous change

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17
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number more likely for mutations

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18
Q

Mutations can lead to?

A

Dysplasia- abnormal cell how they look and genes

19
Q

What is atypia and polymorphism?

A

Atypia- abnormal cells

Polymorphism- all abnormal cells are different

20
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth or tumour

21
Q

Mutations can cause?

A

Permanent changes in DNA

Germ cells: transmitted to progeny-inherited diseases cancers
Somatic cells:not transmitted cancers congenital malformations

22
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Cause damage directly through increasing oxidant production or reduce anti oxidant defences

Caused by IV alcohol genetics viruses

23
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell suicide programmed cell death can be triggered externally

24
Q

Goal of cancer treatment?

A

To get cancerous

cells to undergo apoptosis

25
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

Imitation of cancer formation

26
Q

What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes targeted by genetic damage?

A
  • Growth promoting proto-oncogenes
  • growth inhibiting tumour suppressing genes
  • genes that regulate apoptosis
  • DNA repair genes
27
Q

Do cancer cells ignore chemical signals?

A

Yes

28
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Growth of new blood vessels
Benign -more organised
Malignant everywhere

29
Q

Cancer cells can

A

Break away base
Membrane
Secrete enzymes
Invade connective tissues

30
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

Use glucose to generate energy

Proliferative tissues uses aerobic glycolysis- uses less oxidants produces more byproducts to make cell membranes

31
Q

Mutations disrupt what pathways?

A

Growth signals
Apoptosis
Cell cycle arrest
DNA repair

32
Q

Accumulating genetic hits stages?

A 
Normal cell
-DNA damage-apoptosis
-Genetic instability-daughters cells have mutation
-unregulated cell
Division 
-invasive cancers
33
Q

Characteristics of benign tumours?

A 
Never metastasises
Well differentiated-resemble starting cell
-encapsulated
-homogenous (uniformity of cells)
-cytoplasmic ratio (1:4 or 1:6)
-slow growing
34
Q

Characteristics of malignant cancers?

A

-Can potentially metastasise
-well differentiated or undifferentiated
-heterogenous
-infiltrative growth
-increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (1:1)
Fast growing- area of
Necrosis, many mitotic cells

35
Q

What is metastasises?

A

Cancer cells moving to another site via three routes:

  • blood
  • lymph
  • direct seeding-she’d cells into pleural cavity
36
Q

Most common sites metastatic growth?

A 
Capillary bed
Lungs
Kidney
Brain
Bone
37
Q

Naming of tumour is after?

A

Origin of cell

38
Q

Types of connective tissue?

A 
Fibrous tissue
Muscle
Cartilage
Bone
Fat 
Endothelium
39
Q

Premix for malignant tumours?

A

Sarc

40
Q

Most rare sarcoma?

A

Osteosarcoma

41
Q

Epithelial cells are named after their?

A

Growth pattern/characteristics

42
Q

Glandular eptithelium?

A

Cells that secrete
Endocrine-into blood
Exocrine-into a duct

43
Q

What is the mesothelial cells?

A

Not epithelial cells produce melanocytes

Radiation therapy 1 (13 decks)

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