Common Cancer and staging Flashcards
Most common cancers?
Non melanoma skin cancer Leukaemia Breast Colon and rectal Melanoma
How many new cancers were diagnosed in 2016?
130 000
67 % surviving after at least 5 years
46000 deaths
The top 3 cancers?
Breast
Lung
Prostate
Most common sites that cause spinal cord compression?
Breast
Lung
Prostate
Treatment for breast cancer?
Surgery is primary intervention for cancer
Chemotherapy can be used as an adjuvant treatment with or without RT
What type of RT is used for breast cancer?
EBRT with tangential fields
Brachytherapy IMRT or VMAT
What equipment is used for immobilisation of a breast patient?
Prone breast board- allows for treatment of larger breasts
Knee bolster
Butt stop
Does carbon fibre heat up in MRI
Yes
Goal of immobilisation?
Maximum comfort
Reproducibility
Make to female ratio of breast cancer?
106 to 1
Does the size of tissue affect the risk of cancer?
The number of cells in breast tissue does affect the risk of breast cancer
Degrees of risk of breast cancer?
First degree- immediate
Second degree- aunt
Increase of 25-40 % of risk
What is P53?
Leads to apoptosis, natural killing
Cancer cells inactivate or do not have what gene ?
P53 grow how ever they want
What is the air gap between breast and jaws?
2.5cm due to breathing
Swelling
Do breast patients treat some of lung?
Yes try to limit to 1-1.5cm of lung
Stages of breast cancer?
Stage 1-tumour confined to breast
Stage 2- spread to axillary lymph nodes
Stage 3-spread to superficial structures of chest wall and mammary lns
Stage 4- advanced metastatic disease
Cancer stages are based on 4 characteristics?
Size of cancer
Invasive or non invasive
Lymph nodes
Spread to other body parts
What is the TNM staging system?
T-describes primary tumour
N-number of lymph nodes
M-metastises
T staging?
TX-can’t be evaluated
T0-no evidence of primary tumour
‘Tis-carcinoma in situ
T1-T4- size and/or extent of the primary tumour
N staging?
NX-regional nodes cannot be evaluated
N0-no regional lymph node involvement
N1-N3-involvement of regional lymph nodes
M staging?
M0- no distant metastasis
M1-Distant metastasis
Sizes of breast cancer tumours?
T1a-1-5mm T1b-5-10mm T1c-10-20mm T2-20-50mm T3-greater than 50mm T4a-direct extension to chest wall not including pectoralis major
What is lung cancer?
Leading cause of cancer death amongst men and women
How to treat lung cancer?
Posterior oblique and anterior beams
Conformal therapy?
Get the dose to conform to cancer
-palliative maybe just an anterior and posterior beam
What is DCAT
Dynamic conformal arc therapy
What is SABR
Stereotactic ablative beam therapy
What is cyber knife?
Very fine beam
Pl1 or Pl2 for lungs?
Damage to pleura
Staging for lung cancer?
T1- tumour greater than 3cm surrounded by lung
T2-tumour greater than 3-7cm-invades pleura
T3-greater than 7cm invades abdominal wall
T4- invades mediastinum
Is cancer more aggressive for younger patients of lung and testicular cancers?
Yes
Detection of prostate cancer?
Digital rectal exam-DRE
Blood test- prostate specific antigen
TRUS Biopsy
