Neoplasia ( 5% ) Flashcards
1
Q
- Dysplasia
- a. Is a feature of mesenchymal cells.
- b. Inevitably progresses to cancer.
- c. Is characterized by cellular pleomorphism
- d. Is the same as carcinoma in situ.
- e. Is not associated with architectural abnormalities.
A
- a. Can be a feature of any cell type
- b. may, but not necessarily, progresses to cancer.
- c. Is characterized by cellular pleomorphism
- d. Is a potential precurser to carcinoma in situ.
- e. Is associated with architectural abnormalities.
2
Q
- Metastasis
- a. Unequivocally proves malignancy
- b. Is the most common presentation of melanoma.
- c. Is proven by lymph node enlargement adjacent to a tumour
- d. Of breast is usually to supraclavicular nodes.
- e. All of the above
A
- a. Unequivocally proves malignancy
- b. Skin lump Is the most common presentation of melanoma.
- c. Is proven by lymph node enlargement adjacent to a tumour
- Multiple causes including infection - does not mean it has spread past the node.
- d. Of breast is usually to axillary nodes - hence why axillary node dissections/SNB are performed for breast cancer
- e. All of the above
3
Q
- Anaplasia is not characterized by
- a. Pleomorphism
- b. Abundant nuclear DNA
- c. A nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of 1:6.
- d. Coarsely clumped chromatin
- e. Lack of differentiation
A
c. A nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of 1:6.
This is normal
Anaplasia has a ratio closer to 1:1
4
Q
- To which two organs do tumours most commonly spread haematogenously?
- a. Lungs and brain
- b. Liver and lungs
- c. Liver and bone
- d. Bone and brain
- e. Lung and bone
A
b. Liver and lungs
5
Q
- With regard to characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasia
- a. Cells of benign tumours are poorly differentiated.
- b. Mitotic figures in benign tumours are common.
- c. Malignant tumours can be slow growing
- d. Malignant tumours are usually cohesive and expansile
- e. Malignant tumours often display structures typical of originating tissue.
A
- a. Cells of benign tumours maintain differentiation
- b. Mitotic figures in benign tumours are uncommon, as they grow slowly
- c. Malignant tumours can be slow growing (or fast growing. Up to the mutation)
- d. Malignant tumours are usually cohesive and expansile
- ?loosely bound and invasive
- e. Malignant tumours often lose structures typical of originating tissue - poorly differentiated
6
Q
- With regard to malignant disease
- a. Arterial invasion by tumours is more frequent than venous.
- b. Ovarian carcinoma may spread transperitoneally to the liver
- c. The brain is a major site of lymphatic tumour spread
- d. Basal cell carcinomas frequently metastasise to bone.
- e. The most distinguishing feature of malignant disease is local tissue destruction.
A
- a. Arterial invasion by tumours is less frequent than venous.
- b. Ovarian carcinoma may spread transperitoneally to the liver
- c. The brain is largely spared from lymphatic tumour spread, as there are few lymphatics in the brain
- d. Basal cell carcinomas infrequently metastasise
- e. The most distinguishing feature of malignant disease is Metastasis
7
Q
- Malignant neoplasms
- a. Are independent of hormonal influence.
- b. Are always composed of homogenous cell lines
- c. Arise from differentiated cells by a process of anaplasia.
- d. Display abnormal nuclei with pale nucleoli.
- e. Typically grow more rapidly than benign
A
- a. Are dependent on hormonal influence
- Different cells in the tumour may respond differently to growth factors etc. Breast cancer is under hormonal influnce, hence the use of tamoxifen etc
- b. Often have genetic variation with each division due to a high rate of mutations
- c. Anaplasia = loss of differentiation, not the process that gets there
- d. Display abnormal nuclei with dark nucleoli.
- e. Typically grow more rapidly than benign
8
Q
- Regarding metastasis
- a. All carcinomas have the ability to metastasise
- b. Highly invasive carcinomas rarely metastasise.
- c. Carcinomas typically spread via lymphatics compared with haematogenous spread
- d. Tumour cells develop increased cohesiveness of their cell surface in the formation of cancer cell emboli.
- e. Cells involved in lymphatic dissemination release degradative enzymes
A
- a. All carcinomas have the ability to metastasise
- Typically, the use of the word ‘all’ in medicine often precludes an answer from being right
- b. Highly invasive carcinomas often metastasise.
-
c. Carcinomas typically spread via lymphatics compared with haematogenous spread
- Carcinoma = epithelial cell derived
- Sarcoma = mesenchymal derivation
- d. Tumour cells develop decreased cohesiveness of their cell surface in the formation of cancer cell emboli.
- Normal tissues dont just break off into the low pressure of lymph or veins
- e. Cells involved in lymphatic dissemination release degradative enzymes
- ???
9
Q
- Neoplasia
- a. Shows nuclear pleomorphism
- b. Shows decreased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio.
- c. Results when protogenes are activated.
- d. Involves proto-oncogenes in their natural form.
- e. Is initiated by a single genetic alteration.
A
- a. Shows nuclear pleomorphism
- b. Shows increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
- 1:6 -> 1:1
- c. Results when protogenes are activated.
- Proto-oncogenes are involved, but it is not a one-step process to neoplasia
- d. Involves proto-oncogenes in their mutated form.
- e. Is initiated by multiple genetic alterations.
10
Q
- Regarding the spread of cancers
- a. The pleural cavity is the most commonly affected body cavity
- b. Haematogenous spread is the most common pathway for the initial dissemination of carcinomas.
- c. Lymphatic spread is typical of sarcoma.
- d. Renal cell carcinoma often invades branches of the renal vein
- e. Nodal enlargement in proximity to a cancer always means dissemination of the primary lesion
A
- a. The pleural cavity is the most commonly affected body cavity
- Havent looked this up, but I assume peritoneum due to the number of organs in it
- b. Lymphatic spread is the most common pathway for the initial dissemination of carcinomas
- c. Haematogenous spread is typical of sarcoma.
- d. Renal cell carcinoma often invades branches of the renal vein
- e. Nodal enlargement in proximity to a cancer always means dissemination of the primary lesion
- Always/never = never the right fucking answer.
11
Q
- Regarding benign versus malignant tumours
- a. Benign tumours are generally less differentiated.
- b. Large prominent nucleoli and a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio are characteristics of a malignant cell
- c. Benign tumours metastasise haematogenously.
- d. Malignant tumours always proliferate rapidly.
- e. Malignant tumours always metastasise
A
- a. Benign tumours are generally well differentiated.
- b. Large prominent nucleoli and a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio are characteristics of a malignant cell
- c. Benign tumours dont metastasis. Like, by definition.
- d. Malignant tumours may proliferate rapidly.
- e. Malignant tumours may metastasise.
12
Q
Which of the following tumour is benign
- Chondrosarcoma
- Osteochondroma
- Chondroblastoma
- Ewing’s tumour
- None of the above
A
Osteochondroma
13
Q
Which of the following is malignant
- Squamous cell papilloma
- Hydatidiform mole
- Chondroma
- Mature teratoma
- Bronchial carcinoid
A
Bronchial carcinoid
14
Q
with regard to tumours
- dysplasia always progresses to cancer
- cystic teratomas are malignant
- squamous papillomas are benign
- the presence of mitoses indicates neoplasia
- hypochromasia is characteristic of anaplasia
A
squamous papillomas are benign
15
Q
Features that help differentiate benign from malignant tumours include all except
- The degree of both morphological and functional differentiation of the cells
- The number of mitoses
- The presence or absence of a capsule
- The number of cells per unit area
- The formation of multinucleate giant cells
A
The number of cells per unit area
