Cell Injury ( 5% ) Flashcards
What is hyperplasia and give an example of pathological and physiological causes
An increase in cell numbers driven by trophies factors (ie growth hormones).
Physio - pubertal glandular breast tissue
Path - BPH in response to androgen excess
An example of hypertrophy would be
- (a) liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy
- (b) breast development at puberty
- (c) the uterus during pregnancy
- (d) the uterus during menstruation
- (e) a papillomavirus induced skin wart
(c) the uterus during pregnancy (an example of hormonal hyperplasia and hypertrophy)
- (a) liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (compensatory hyperplasia)
- (b) breast development at puberty (hormonal hyperplasia)
- (d) the uterus during menstruation (atrophy)
- (e) a papillomavirus induced skin wart (pathological hyperplasia)
- Hypertrophy
- (a) occurs after partial hepatectomy
- (b) increases function of an organ exponentially
- (c) is triggered by mechanical and trophic chemicals
- (d) occurs after denervation
- (e) is usually pathological
(c) is triggered by mechanical and trophic chemicals (eg progestrogen, and foetal growth effects on the uterus)
- (a) occurs after partial hepatectomy (hyperplasia)
- (b) increases function of an organ exponentially (wrong)
- (d) occurs after denervation (atrophy)
- (e) is usually pathological (WRONG - exercise induced hypertrophy, pregnancy)
- Which of the following is an example of hypertrophy (2000)
- (a) increased liver size after partial hepatectomy
- (b) increased size of the female breast at puberty
- (c) increased respiratory epithelium seen in vitamin A deficiency
- (d) increased size of the uterus in pregnancy
- (e) endometrial development in readiness for ovum implantation
(d) increased size of the uterus in pregnancy
(both hyperplasia & hypertrophy)
- (a) increased liver size after partial hepatectomy (hyperplasia)
- (b) increased size of the female breast at puberty (hyperplasia)
- (c) increased respiratory epithelium seen in vitamin A deficiency (metaplasia)
- (e) endometrial development in readiness for ovum implantation (hyperplasia)
Metaplasia
- a) Is irreversible.
- b) Is commonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium.
- c) An example is the transformation of epithelial cells into chondroblasts.
- d) Retinoids may play a role
- e) Even if the stimuli is persistent it is a benign lesion.
d) Retinoids may play a role
- a) Is irreversible. (Opposite - can be reversed)
- b) Is commonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium. (Occurs in Barrett’s esophagus, but the opposite is true in respiratory metaplasia following smoking)
- c) An example is the transformation of epithelial cells into chondroblasts. (The change occurs in stem cells. Mature cells can not change from one type to another)
- e) Even if the stimuli is persistent it is a benign lesion. (May be malignant (eg increased risk of adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s))
Hyperplasia
- a) Occurs after partial hepatectomy
- b) Refers to an increase in the size of the cells.
- c) Is always pathological.
- d) Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle
- e) Usually progresses to cancerous proliferation.
a) Occurs after partial hepatectomy
- b) Refers to an increase in the size of the cells. (Number)
- c) Is always pathological. (May be physiological or pathological)
- d) Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle. (Only occurs in cells capable of dividing, which muscles are not)
- e) Usually progresses to cancerous proliferation. (Tightly regulated to prevent this)
Metaplasia is seen in all of the following EXCEPT:
- a) Respiratory epithelium of smokers
- b) Vitamin A excess.
- c) Barrett’s oesophagitis
- d) Epithelium of a pancreatic duct containing stones
- e) Foci of cell injury
b) Vitamin A excess. (Vit A deficiency)
- a) Respiratory epithelium of smokers
- c) Barrett’s oesophagitis
- d) Epithelium of a pancreatic duct containing stones
- e) Foci of cell injury
Anaplasia is not characterized by
- a) Pleomorphism
- b) Abundant nuclear DNA
- c) A nuclear : cytoplasm of 1 : 6
- d) Coarsely clumped chromatin
- e) Lack of differentiation
c) A nuclear : cytoplasm of 1 : 6
Anaplasia is a loss of differentiation of cells
- a) Pleomorphism
- b) Abundant nuclear DNA
- d) Coarsely clumped chromatin
- e) Lack of differentiation
metaplasia
- a) is an increase in the number and size of cells in a tissue.
- b) is the process that occurs in Barrett’s oesophagitis
- c) is typically an irreversible process.
- d) in the respiratory tract preserves mucous secretion.
- e) can be caused by Vit B12 deficiency.
b) is the process that occurs in Barrett’s oesophagitis
- a) is an increase in the number and size of cells in a tissue. (Change from one mature cell type to another)
- c) is typically an irreversible process. (Reversible)
- d) in the respiratory tract preserves mucous secretion. (Columnar -> squamous cells so less mucus secretion)
- e) can be caused by Vit B12 deficiency. (Vitamin A deficiency)
Metaplasia
- a) Involves an adaptive response of individual cells.
- b) In Barrett’s oesophagitis, involves a change from columnar to squamous cells.
- c) Involves a neoplastic transformation of stem cells.
- d) Vit A deficiency suppresses respiratory epithelial keratinisation
- e) Is reversible
e) Is reversible
- a) Involves an adaptive response of individual cells. (Stem cells change their programming at a tissue level, individual cells themselves can not change)
- b) In Barrett’s oesophagitis, involves a change from columnar to squamous cells. (Opposite; squamous -> columnar. respiratory tract is columnar to squamous)
- c) Involves a neoplastic transformation of stem cells. (Tightly regulated process (ie not neoplastic))
- d) Vit A deficiency suppresses respiratory epithelial keratinisation
Regarding atrophy and hypertrophy
- a) hypertrophy refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
- b) the phenotype of an individual cell may be altered in hypertrophy
- c) atrophy is always pathological.
- d) in the heart, trophic triggers are the only factors that cause hypertrophy
- e) the colour of brown atrophy is due to melanin pigmentation
b) the phenotype of an individual cell may be altered in hypertrophy
- a) hypertrophy refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue (size of cells)
- c) atrophy is always pathological. (Can be physiological or pathological)
- d) in the heart, trophic triggers are the only factors that cause hypertrophy (also mechanical / workload)
- e) the colour of brown atrophy is due to melanin pigmentation (lipofuscin deposition)
Metaplasia (2 CORRECT)
- a) Is usually a premalignant condition.
- b) Is due to genetic reprogramming of cells
- c) May be regulated by Vit B12.
- d) The most common type is from squamous to columnar epithelium.
- e) Is irreversible.
- f) does not occur in mesenchymal cells.
- g) may progress to cancer transformation
- h) is usually accompanied by hypertrophy
b) Is due to genetic reprogramming of cells
g) may progress to cancer transformation
- a) Is usually a premalignant condition. (Can be but not “usually”)
- c) May be regulated by Vit B12. (Vitamin A)
- d) The most common type is from squamous to columnar epithelium. (Opposite)
- e) Is irreversible. (Reversible)
- f) does not occur in mesenchymal cells. (This is where it occurs)
- h) is usually accompanied by hypertrophy
hypertrophy
- a) occurs after partial hepatectomy.
- b) is triggered by mechanical and tropic chemicals
- c) increases function of an organ exponentially
- d) is usually pathological.
- e) occurs after denervation.
b) is triggered by mechanical and tropic chemicals
- a) occurs after partial hepatectomy. (Hyperplasia)
- c) increases function of an organ exponentially
- d) is usually pathological. (Tends to be physiological, but can be pathological)
- e) occurs after denervation. (This causes atrophy)
metaplasia is
- a) reversible change from one cell type to another
- b) irreversible change from one cell type to another
- c) reduced function of cell
- d) increase in the number of cells
- e) increase in the size and function of cells
a) reversible change from one cell type to another
- b) irreversible change from one cell type to another
- c) reduced function of cell
- d) increase in the number of cells (hyperplasia)
- e) increase in the size and function of cells (hypertrophy)
dysplasia
- a) is a feature of mesenchymal cells
- b) inevitable progresses to cancer
- c) is characterized by cellular pleomorphism
- d) is not associated with tissue architectural abnormalities
- e) is the same as carcinoma in situ
c) is characterized by cellular pleomorphism
Pleomorphism is having more than 1 distinct form
- a) is a feature of mesenchymal cells
- b) inevitable progresses to cancer
- d) is not associated with tissue architectural abnormalities
- e) is the same as carcinoma in situ
regarding atrophy, which is false:
- a) persistence of residual bodies
- b) decrease in myofilaments
- c) decrease rough ER
- d) decreased autophagic vacuoles
- e) decreased smooth ER
d) decreased autophagic vacuoles
- a) persistence of residual bodies
- b) decrease in myofilaments
- c) decrease rough ER
- e) decreased smooth ER
Which of the following is an example of hypertrophy
- a) Increase in liver size after a partial hepatectomy
- b) Increase in the size of the female breast
- c) Increase respiratory epithelium in response to vitamin A deficiency
- d) increase in size of the female uterus in pregnancy
- e) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts
d) increase in size of the female uterus in pregnancy
- a) Increase in liver size after a partial hepatectomy (hyperplasia)
- b) Increase in the size of the female breast (hyperplasia)
- c) Increase respiratory epithelium in response to vitamin A deficiency (hyperplasia)
- e) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts (hyperplasia)
examples of hyperplasia include
- a) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts
- b) change in respiratory tract epithelium from columnar to squamous
- c) increase in size of uterus in pregnancy
- d) increase cardiac myocyte size in response to increased load
- e) regression of embryonic structures
a) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts
- b) change in respiratory tract epithelium from columnar to squamous (metaplasia)
- c) increase in size of uterus in pregnancy (hypertrophy)
- d) increase cardiac myocyte size in response to increased load (hypertrophy)
- e) regression of embryonic structures (atrophy)
Regarding hyperplasia which statement is correct
- a) It is never seen in the same tissue as hypertrophy
- b) it is seen in cardiac muscle in hypoxic patients
- c) it is limited to cells capable of mitotic division
- d) it is rarely physiologic
- e) complete removal of excess hormone triggers will slow progression but not reverse hyperplastic changes
c) it is limited to cells capable of mitotic division
- a) It is never seen in the same tissue as hypertrophy (can co-exist)
- b) it is seen in cardiac muscle in hypoxic patients
- d) it is rarely physiologic (often physiological eg pubertal breast)
- e) complete removal of excess hormone triggers will slow progression but not reverse hyperplastic changes
What is atrophy? What are the causes and give some examples
Decrease in the size and/or number of cells in a tissue.
Physio: regression of embryonic structures, postpartum uterus, disuse of muscles, aging
Path: de-innervation of muscles or disuse following a cast, poor perfusion or nutrition, pressure, loss of hormonal stimulation.
What is tissue hypertrophy
What are some examples
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells occurring in non-dividing cells in response to hormonal/trophic or workload stressors.
Physio: gravid uterus, skeletal/cardiac muscle
Path: heart failure
How is hyperplasia different from hypertrophy
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells and occurs in cells-types that are capable of mitotic division.
Physio: GFs (pubertal breast) Tissue resection (liver after partial resection)
Path: hormone excess (eg BPH), certain viruses (HPV causing warts)
Hypertrophy is an increase in the cell size and results in phenotypic change. Occurs in non-dividing cells. Can occur due to GFs (uterus in pregnancy) or workload (cardiac or skeletal muscles)
Describe different types of hyperplasia and an example of each
Physio: Trophic/GFs (pubertal breast) Tissue resection (liver after partial resection)
Path: hormone excess (eg BPH), certain viruses (HPV causing warts)
