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PP Lecture Summaries > Neoplasia 4 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is tumour stage?

A

Measure of a malignat neoplasms overall burden

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2
Q

What is the TNM grading system?

A

T-size primary tumour (1-4)
N-extent of regional node metastasis (0-3)
M-extent of distant metastatic spread (0 or 1)

Converted into stages

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3
Q

What are the stages of TNM?

A

1- early localised
2-advanced localised
3-regional metastasis
4-advanced disease with metastasis

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4
Q

What does the Ann Arbor grading system measure?

A

The grading of lymphoma

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5
Q

What are the stages of lymphoma grading?

A

1-in single node regiom
2- two separate regions on one side diaphragm
3-spread on both sides of diaphragm
4-diffuse/disseminated involvement of extra-lymphatic organs

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6
Q

What does tumour grade show?

A

The degree of differentiation of a neoplasm

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7
Q

What is the typical grading system?

A

G1- well differntiated
G2-moderately differntiated
G3-poorly differntiated
G4-undifferantiated/ aplastic

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8
Q

What is Bloom-Richardson grading used for?

A

Breast carcinomas

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9
Q

Why is tumour grade important?

A

For planning treatment and estimating prognosis

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10
Q

How do you predict outcome of a tumor?

A 
Age/gener/ general wellbeing 
Tumour site/type
Grade 
Stage 
Available effective treatments
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11
Q

What are tumour markers?

A

Substances realeased by cancer cells into the circulation

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12
Q

Name some tumour markers

A 
Hormones (gonadotropin realesed by testicular cancer)
Oncofetal antigens (from hepatic cancenomas)
Specific proteins (prostate specific antigen)
Mucins/glycoproteins (CA-125 by ovarian cancer)
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13
Q

Why are tumour makers useful in treatment?

A

Monitor the tumour burden of a patient

See how effetive a treatment is being

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14
Q

How are tumor markers used in diagnosis?

A

Specific tumours relases specific tumour markers so can tell if present or not

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15
Q

What is adjuvent treatment?

A

After surgical removal of a primary tumour to eliminate subclinical disease

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16
Q

What is neoadjuvent treatment?

A

Given to reduce the size of a primary tumour prior to surgical excision

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17
Q

How does radiotherapy work?

A

Kills proliferatinf cells by triggering apoptosis/ altering mitosis

Causes direct or free-radical induced DNA damage

Targeted at tumour area- reduces damage to surrounding tissues

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18
Q

How does chemotherapy work?

A

Affecting prolifering cells in various ways

19
Q

How do antimetabolites work?

A

Mimic normal substrates in DNA replication

Prevent normal replication

20
Q

How fo Alkyating and platinum based drugs work?

A

Cross linking od DNA double helix

21
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Inhibit DNA tropoisomerases
Cause double stranded breaks
Block microtubule assembly

22
Q

How do hormone therapies work?

A

SERMS bind to oestrogen receptors preventing oestrogen binding
Treats hormone receptor positive breast cancers

Relativly non toxic

23
Q

What is an example of a molecular targeted therapy?

A

Herceptin
Blocks HER-2 gene signalling in breast cancers

Imatinib
Inhibits fusion protein in Chronic myeloid leukemia

24
Q

How can we use molecular targeted treatments?

A

By identifying cancer soecific alterations such as oncogene mutations

25
Q

What are the most common cancers in women?

A

Breast
Lung
Bowel

26
Q

What are the most common cancers in males?

A

Prostate
Lung
Bowel

27
Q

What are the most common cancers in children?

A

Leukaemias
CNS tumours
Lymphomas

28
Q

What cancers have the highest survival rates?

Highest to lowest

A 
Testicular 
Maligant melanoma 
Breast 
Prostate 
Hodgkin lymphoma
29
Q

What cancers have the lowest survival rates?

Most to least deaths

A 
Pancreas 
Lung 
Brain 
Stomache 
Oesophagus 
Leukaemia
30
Q

What are the most common causes of cancer deaths in women in the UK?

A

Lung
Breast
Bowel

(Higher prevelance of these types over those with lowest survival rates)

31
Q

What are the most common causes of cancer deaths in males?

A

Lung
Prostate
Bowel

(Not just types with lowest survival due to prevalance of these types as well)

32
Q

What are the 3 cancer screening programms in the UK?

A
  • Breast
  • Cervical
  • Bowel
33
Q

What are the key points about breast screening?

A

Women
47-73
Every 3 years
Mammogram (low energy x-rays)

34
Q

What are the key points about cervical screening?

A

Women
25-49 (3 yrs)
50-64 (5 yrs)
Smear test (looks for HPV virus)

35
Q

What are the key points about Bowel screening?

A

Men and women (60-74)
Home testing faecal

Men and women (55)
Bowel scope screening

36
Q

How can tumour markers be used in prostate cancer?

A

After removal of prostate if prostate specific antigen levels rise high suggests that they has been metastaic spread of cancer

Not as accurate in diagnosis as elevated levels could be due to imflammation

37
Q

What cancer is human choronic gonadatrophin used in and how is it used?

A

Testicular tumours

Diagnosis-Beta HCG never normally found in men (so if present= malignancy)

Monitoring- measure residual tumour and treatment effectivity

38
Q

What cancer is Alpha Fetoprotein used in?

A

Hepatocellular carcinomas

39
Q

How is Alpha fetoprotein used?

A

Diagnosis- elevated serum levels indicate hepatocellular carcinoma

40
Q

What are oncofetal antigens?

A

Antigens expressed in high levels in cancer and fetal tissues but not adult tissue

41
Q

What cancer is Carcioembryonic antigen (CEA) used in relation too?

A

Bowel

42
Q

What is carcioembryonic antigen used for?

A

Measing how well treatment is working agaist the tumour

43
Q

What caner is CA 125 (cancer antigen 125) used in relation too?

A

Ovarian cancer

44
Q

What is CA 125 used for?

A

Look for early signs of ovarian cancer in people at high risk

Monitor cancers (multilpe varieties during and after treatment)

PP Lecture Summaries (9 decks)

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