Molecuar Pathology Flashcards
What methods can be used to get a sample from a lung lesion?
Bronchoscopy
CT guided biopsy
From nearby lymph nodes
What are the molecular lung markers normally common in smokers?
Kras
What are the molecular lung markers present with non smokers?
EGFR
Ros1
ALK
What is the EGRF lung marker?
Is an oncogene
Transmembrane RTK
Activates the TK (tyrosine kinase) signalling path
Can use anti TKI drugs to treat
Tumours become resistant over time
What is the ALK lung marker?
Oncogene
Insulin receptor
Activates downstream cell proliferation and survival
ATP kinase inhibitors
What are Ros1 markers?
Oncogenes
RTK insulin receptors
What are KRAS lung markers?
Oncogenes
Not just in lung cancers (adnocarcenomas)
In smokers
What is the BRAF marker?
Oncogene
Activates MAPK (mitogen activated protein pathway)
V600E mutation
What molecular markers are tumour suppressor genes?
Mutations in p53 (squamous and small cell carcinomas)
RB1 (small cell carcinoma)
Give and example of how immune therapies work?
- Tumour cell can express PDL1/PD1
- T cells express a receptor for this (so don’t see tumour cell as foreign so evades death)
- Drugs can reverse expression of receptor on T cell so immune response can be made against the tumour cell
What growth factors are present in lung cancers?
PDGF
TGF beta
What molecular markers are present in malignant melanomas?
BRAF
NRAS
