Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after stimulus removal

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2
Q

What does tumour mean?

A

A swelling

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3
Q

What does cancer mean?

A

A malignant noeplasm (non medical term)

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4
Q

What does metastasis mean?

A

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its origional site to a new distal one

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5
Q

What does anaplasia mean?

A

When the cells no longer resemble the specialised ones that they origionated from.

Cells have no resemblance to any tissue

Malignat tumours

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6
Q

What does pleomorphism mean?

A

Variation in size and shape of cells

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7
Q

What does progression mean?

A

The process by which a monoclonal cell population ( with a mutation) aquires more mutations allowing a neoplasm to form

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8
Q

What is differentaiation?

A

The process of becoming different by growth or development

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9
Q

What does in situ mean?

A

The neoplasm is above the basement membrance

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10
Q

What is a Benign tumour?

A

Gross and microscopic appearaces are considered innocent

Confined to site origin and don’t metastasise

Well differentationed (resemble parent tissue)

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11
Q

How do Benign tumours grow?

A
In a confined local area
Slowley
Are uniform at cross sections 
Surrounded by Pseudo capsule
Have pushing outer margins
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12
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Invaides surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distal sites

Range from well to poorly differentated (aplastic)

Can produce metastesis (primary/ secondary)

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13
Q

How do maligant tumors appear?

A

Irrugualr outline and shape
Ulcerations/ necrosis (bleeding)
Infltraive (hard to see where start and end)

Depends on how differentated they are

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14
Q

What increaes with worsening differnetiation?

A
  • Nuclear size
  • Nuclear to cytoplasmic size
  • Nuclear staining (hyperchromasia)
  • Mitotic figures
  • Abnormal mitotic figures
  • Pleomorphism
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15
Q

What does invasive mean?

A

That the neoplasm has breached the basement membrane

If this occours the neoplasm has to be melignant

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16
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

A gene that drives cells proliferation

17
Q

How are proto-oncogenes involved in neoplasm growth?

A

Mutations activate these genes causing them to become onogenes

Oncogenes can promote cell proliferation in the absence of any other stimuls

Cause rapid growth and proliferation

18
Q

What are Tumour suppressor genes?

A

Normally stop cell growth.

Eg. TP53 (regulates cell replication and DNA repair)

19
Q

How do Tumour Surpressor genes cause neoplasm growth?

A

Mutation in both alleles can cause loss of function

Leads to failure if growth inhibition so cells with mutations can proliferate

20
Q

How can cell clonality occour?

A

Germline mutation- all cells already have the mutation

Through initiator (mutagenic agent) and then promotion

21
Q

How are Benign tumours named?

A

Normally end in -OMA

22
Q

How are Malignant tumours named?

A
Carcinoma = epithelial 
Sarcoma = stromal
23
Q

What are common epitherlial neoplasms?

A
  • Statisfied squamous: Squamous cell papiloma/ carcinoma
  • Transitional: Transitional cell papiloma/ carcinoma
  • Glandular: Adenoma/ Adenocarcinoma
24
Q

How are connective tissue neoplasms named?

A

Benign: site of origin + oma

Malignant: site of origin + sarcoma

Eg. Bone- osteoma/ osteosarcoma

25
Q

What is an exception to the naming of connective tissue malignant neoplasms?

A

From glial cells; Malignant glioma

26
Q

What are the names of blood borne neoplasms?

A

Leukaemia
Lymphoma
Myeloma

All of which are malignant

27
Q

How are germ cell neoplasms named?

A

Testis: Malignant tetatoma
Seminoma (maligant)

Ovary: Benign teratoma

Blastoma (maligant)