Neoplasia Flashcards
What is a neoplasm?
Abnormal growth of cells that persists after stimulus removal
What does tumour mean?
A swelling
What does cancer mean?
A malignant noeplasm (non medical term)
What does metastasis mean?
A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its origional site to a new distal one
What does anaplasia mean?
When the cells no longer resemble the specialised ones that they origionated from.
Cells have no resemblance to any tissue
Malignat tumours
What does pleomorphism mean?
Variation in size and shape of cells
What does progression mean?
The process by which a monoclonal cell population ( with a mutation) aquires more mutations allowing a neoplasm to form
What is differentaiation?
The process of becoming different by growth or development
What does in situ mean?
The neoplasm is above the basement membrance
What is a Benign tumour?
Gross and microscopic appearaces are considered innocent
Confined to site origin and don’t metastasise
Well differentationed (resemble parent tissue)
How do Benign tumours grow?
In a confined local area Slowley Are uniform at cross sections Surrounded by Pseudo capsule Have pushing outer margins
What are malignant tumours?
Invaides surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distal sites
Range from well to poorly differentated (aplastic)
Can produce metastesis (primary/ secondary)
How do maligant tumors appear?
Irrugualr outline and shape
Ulcerations/ necrosis (bleeding)
Infltraive (hard to see where start and end)
Depends on how differentated they are
What increaes with worsening differnetiation?
- Nuclear size
- Nuclear to cytoplasmic size
- Nuclear staining (hyperchromasia)
- Mitotic figures
- Abnormal mitotic figures
- Pleomorphism
What does invasive mean?
That the neoplasm has breached the basement membrane
If this occours the neoplasm has to be melignant
What is a proto-oncogene?
A gene that drives cells proliferation
How are proto-oncogenes involved in neoplasm growth?
Mutations activate these genes causing them to become onogenes
Oncogenes can promote cell proliferation in the absence of any other stimuls
Cause rapid growth and proliferation
What are Tumour suppressor genes?
Normally stop cell growth.
Eg. TP53 (regulates cell replication and DNA repair)
How do Tumour Surpressor genes cause neoplasm growth?
Mutation in both alleles can cause loss of function
Leads to failure if growth inhibition so cells with mutations can proliferate
How can cell clonality occour?
Germline mutation- all cells already have the mutation
Through initiator (mutagenic agent) and then promotion
How are Benign tumours named?
Normally end in -OMA
How are Malignant tumours named?
Carcinoma = epithelial Sarcoma = stromal
What are common epitherlial neoplasms?
- Statisfied squamous: Squamous cell papiloma/ carcinoma
- Transitional: Transitional cell papiloma/ carcinoma
- Glandular: Adenoma/ Adenocarcinoma
How are connective tissue neoplasms named?
Benign: site of origin + oma
Malignant: site of origin + sarcoma
Eg. Bone- osteoma/ osteosarcoma
