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PP Lecture Summaries > Cell Adaptations > Flashcards

Cell Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

At what stages in the cell cycle are the checkpoints?

A

End of metaphase
G1
G2

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2
Q

What is checked at mataphase?

A

Choromosome spindle attachment

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3
Q

What is checkt at G1?

A

DNA damage

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4
Q

What is checked at G2?

A

DNA replication

Cell size

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5
Q

What happens if damage is found in the cell cycle?

A

P50 protein activated

Repair or apoptosis

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6
Q

How is the cell cycle controlled?

A

CDK binding with cyclin to activate and allow cell entry into the next phase.

Multiple types of cyclin

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7
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number

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8
Q

What are physiological causes of hyperplasia?

A

Hormonal- eg, breat tissue after birth to allow for lactation to occour

Compensastory- aftr tissue damage to incrase tissue mass

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9
Q

What are pathological causes of hyperplasia?

A

Psoriasis- causing thickening of the epidermis

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10
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in tissue/ organ size due to an increase in cell size

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11
Q

What does hypertrophy occour?

A

Increased functional demand

Incraesed hormonal stimulation

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12
Q

Which cell populations does hypertrophy occour in?

A

Labile, stabile and permenant

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13
Q

What are physiological causes of hypertrophy?

A

Skeletal muscle- weight lifters

Pregnant uterus- enlarges up to 70 times

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14
Q

What are pathological causes of hypertrophy?

A

Cardiac muscle hypertrophy- response to hypertension (incraesed resistance)

Smooth muscle hypertrophy- in intestinal stenosis, muscle contract harder to move contense

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15
Q

What is Atrophy?

A

Shrinkage of tissue/ organs due to decrease in size or number of cells

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16
Q

What causes atrophy?

A

Decrease in nutrients or growth factors

17
Q

What is organ atrophy?

A

Combination of cellular atrophy and apoptosis

Cellular atrophy- shrinkage to size where cells can still survive

18
Q

What are physiological causes of atrophy?

A

Postpartum atrophy of uterus after giving birth

19
Q

What are pathological causes of atropohy?

A

Many causes;

Atrophy of diseases (reduced functional demand)- eg muscles immobile

Denervation atrophy (loss of inervation)

Inadiquate blood supply

Pressure- from tumor

Toxic agents- on bone marrow and testes

Xrays- cause direct cellular damage

20
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Reversible replacement of one differentaited cell type with another.

21
Q

Where does metaplasia occour?

A

Within epethelia and connetive tissues

22
Q

How does metaplasia occour?

A

By expressing a new genetic programme to allow cells to have a new structure/ function more suited to an altered environment

23
Q

Useful examples of metaplasia?

A

Myeloid metaplasia of spleen:
If bone marrow destroyed then the spleen can produce more.

Renal pelvis and renal stones

24
Q

What is an reversible form of metaplasia?

A

Connective tissue being turned to bone following trauma.

Normally revesible and resolves on its own

25
Q

How can metaplasia be detrimental?

A

May lead to displasia and neoplasia is cells continue to become disorganised

Can be triggered by things such as smoking - targer cuboidal epithelial cells in the lungs

26
Q

What is Aplasia?

A

Complete failure of organ/ tissue to develop

27
Q

What is an example of aplasia?

A

Embrionic congenital disorder;

Eg, thymic aplasia- causes autoimmune and infections

28
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Congenital underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue/organ

29
Q

What is an example of hypoplasia?

A

On a spectrum with aplasia;

Renal hypoplasia

30
Q

What is involution?

A

Normal programmed skrinkage of an organ

31
Q

What is an example of involution?

A

uterus after childbirth

Thymus in early life / adolecence

32
Q

What is Atresia?

A

Congenital imperforation of an opening

33
Q

What is an example of atresia?

A

Eg of anus or vagina

34
Q

What is Reconsitution?

A

The replacement of a lost part of the body

35
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue
Potentaily reversible
Could be pre cancerous

PP Lecture Summaries (9 decks)

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