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MOD - Neoplasm > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm comes from _____ that has incurred genetic change

A

a single cell

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2
Q

adenoma (glands)
cystadenoma (
papilloma (fingerlike projections)
polyp (macroscropic, above mucosal surface)

A

Benign tumor

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3
Q

Metastasis

A

hallmark of malignancy (carcinoma, sarcoma)

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4
Q

Translocation - (9;22)

Gene - ABL 9q34 and BCR 22q11

A

Translocation Malignancy - Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

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5
Q

Translocation - (8;21) and (15;17)

Gene - AML 9q24; ETO 21q22; PML 21q22; RARA 17q21

A

Translocation Malignancy - Acute Myeloid Leukemia

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6
Q

t(8;14)

Gene - MYC 8q24 and IGH 14q32

A

Translocation Malignancy - Burkitt Lymphoma

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7
Q

t(11;14)

Gene - CCND1 11q13 and IGH 14q32

A

Translocation Malignancy - Mantle Cell Lymphoma

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8
Q

t(14;18)

Gene - IGH 14q32 and BCL2 18q21

A

Translocation Malignancy - Follicular Lymphoma

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9
Q

t(11;22)

Gene - FLI1 and EWSR1

A

Translocation Malignancy - Ewing sarcoma

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10
Q

t(7:21) and t(17:21)

Gene - TMPRSS2, ETC1, ETV4

A

Translocation - Postatic adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

Type of malignant that arises from epithelium

A

Carcinoma

Types - squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or transitional

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12
Q

neoplasm derived from a SINGLE GERM LAYER

A

Mixed tumor

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13
Q

neoplasm derived from MORE THAN ONE GERM LAYER

often originate in ovaries, testes

A

Teratoma

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14
Q

Two basic tissue components of benign and malignant neoplasms

A
  1. Parenchyma - the clonal expansions of neoplastic cells making the bulk of the tumor&raquo_space; behavior and classification of tumor
  2. Stroma - supportive cellular component/structure (CT, BV, innate immune)&raquo_space; spread and growth of tumor
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15
Q

Desmoplastic tumors

A

Scirrhous (rock hard), seen in F breast

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16
Q

Polyp v. Adenoma of GI Tract

A

Polyp: benign/malignant tumor, projects ABOVE MUCOSA into colonic/gastric lumen. good prognosis
Adenoma - benigns epithelial neoplasm derived from glandular tissue

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17
Q

malignant

cells resemble stratified squamous epothelium

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

malignant

cells grow in glandular pattern

A

Adenocarcinoma

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19
Q

Ovarian cystic teratoma

A

Dermoid cyst

From one germ layer

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20
Q

Lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, seminoma

A

Malignant neoplasms with inappropriate, benign terminology

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21
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma

A

Benign - Mixed Tumor of Salivary Gland

  • Has epithelial components within myxoid stroma with islands of bone, cartilage
  • From one germ layer
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22
Q

Analplasia

A

Irreversible, Lack of differentiation

Many mitotic figure, high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, prominent nucleoli)

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23
Q

Pleiomorphism

A

1 Histopathologic criteria of anaplasia: variation in shape/size of cells/nuclei

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24
Q

Abnormal nuclear morphology

A

2 Histopathologic criteria of anaplasia: hyperchromatic (dark stain) nuclei, clumped chromatin, high nuclear:cytoplasm ratio

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25
Q

Atypical/abundant mitosis

A 
#3 Histopathologic criteria of anaplasia: increased proliferative activity
- Tripolar mitoses - "Mercedes Benz Sign"
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26
Q

Loss of polarity

A

4 Histopathologic criteria of anaplasia: disorganized masses

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27
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible, replacement of one cell type with another

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28
Q

Dysplasia

A

Reversible, pre-malignant, disordered growth

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29
Q

Benign Tumor

A

Well differentiated
Slow growth, low mitotic activity
Well demarcated borders (capsule); DO NOT invade surrounding tissue
No metastasis

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30
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

Poorly differentiated
Erratic growth; mitotic figures, anaplastic
Locally invasive; infiltrate surrouding tissue
Metastasis possible/frequent

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31
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign tumor of fat cells

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32
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign tumor of smooth muscle

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33
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of fat cells

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34
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

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35
Q

How carcinomas metasticize

A 
Lymph nodes
(except: Renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, choriocarcinoma >> heamtogenous)
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36
Q

Malignant, arise FROM MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN

A

Sarcoma

37
Q

How sarcomas metastacize

A

Hematogenously

38
Q

Keratin Pearl

A

slam dunk for squamous cell carcinoma

39
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - Bronchial adenoma
M - Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Respiratory Passages

40
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - Renal tubular adenoma
M - Renal cell carcinoma (hematogenous spread)

A

Renal epithelium

41
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - Hepatic adenoma
M - Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Liver

42
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - Transitional cell papilloma
M - Transitional cell carcinoma

A

Urinary Tract (transitional/urothelium)

43
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - Hyatidiform mole
M - Choriocarcinoma

A

Placental Epithleium

44
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - nevus
M - Melanoma

A

Melanocytes

45
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - none
M - Seminoma, embryonal carcinoma

A

Testicular epithelium

46
Q

Mesenchymal tissues (»sarcoma)

A

bone, muscle, CT, BV

47
Q

Cancer of mesenchymal origin

  • Anaplastic spindle cells with dark, ugly nuclei
  • Pink in middle = osteoid production
A

Osteosarcoma

48
Q

Benign tumors (4) from mesenchymal origin - CT an derivatives

A

Fibroma, lipoma, chondroma, osteoma

49
Q

Malignant tumors (4) from mesenchymal origin - CT an derivatives

A

Fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma

50
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - hemangioma
M - Angiosarcoma

A

Blood Vessels

51
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - lymphagioma
M - lymphagiosarcoma

A

Lymph Vessels

52
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - none
M - Mesothelioma

A

Mesothleium (covers all true serous membranes (peritoneum, pericardium, pleura))

53
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - Meningioma
M - Meningiosarcoma

A

Brain coverings

54
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - (1) leimyoma, (2) rhabdomyoma
M - (1) Leiomyosarcoma, (2) rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Smooth muscle

Striated muscle

55
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - none
M - leukemia

A

Hematopoietic Stem cells

56
Q

Tissue of origin for:
B - none
M - lymphoma

A

Lymphoid tissue

57
Q

Malignant Mixed Tumor of Kidneys

A

Wilm’s Tumor

58
Q

Mature teratoma, dermoid cyst

A

Benign Teratoma

  • Origin - Totipotent cells in gonads
  • Contains fat, hair, teeth, bone, cartilage
59
Q

Immature Teratoma, teratocarcinoma

A

Malignant Teratoma

  • Origin - Totipotent cells in gonads
  • Aggressive, contains fetal tissue
60
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer

4. Promotion of angiogenesis

A

VEGF, FGF

61
Q

Metastasis - 3 ways of spread

A
  1. Lymphatic spread (carcinomas)
  2. Hematogenous spread (sarcomas)
  3. Seeding into body cavities
62
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer

5. Invasion and metastasis

A

Cell-to-cell contact lost (loss of E-cadherin)
ECM broken down by MMP9 and cathepsins
Cheomtactic (IL8) and angiogenic (VEGF)
Dormancy

63
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer

6. Evasion of apoptosis

A

Bcl2 overexpressed in follicular lymphoma (Normally: Bcl2 blocks cytoC release in mito&raquo_space; no apoptosis)

64
Q

t(14;18)

A 
Follicular Lymphoma
moves Bcl2 (18) to Ig Heavy chain (14) >> increases Bcl2 >> No apoptosis
65
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer

7. Evasion of host defense

A
  • NK, Macrophages, Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
  • Tumor Ag and Tcells kill
    Evasion of the immune system
66
Q

Oncofetal Antigens

A

proteins expressed at high levels on cancer cells and in fetal tissue. Can serve as markers that aid in tumor diagnosis and clinical management. CEA and AFP

67
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer

8. Cancer-enabling inflammation

A

provokes chronic inflammatory reaction

  • Anemia (iron sequestration and down regulation of EPO)
  • Fatigue
  • Cachexia (TNF-alpha)
68
Q

Oncogene

A
  • Mutated pro-oncogene
  • Gain of Function
  • Only needs ONE ALLELE for KO
69
Q

Proto-Oncogene

A

Normal genes that regulate cell growth and proliferation

70
Q

Tumor Suppressor Genes

A

Normally: stop cell cycle, but mutated

  • Loss of Function
  • BOTH ALLELES for KO
71
Q

KO Tumor Suppressor types (2)

A
  1. Sporadic - acquire mutations during life

2. Familial - inherit one already mutated gene

72
Q

RB gene - familial

A

Familial retinoblastoma syndroma

73
Q

RB gene - sporadic

A

Retinoblastoma; osteosarcoma carcinomas of breast, colon, lung

74
Q

Warburg Effect

A

aerobic glycolysis - high glucose usage of tumors

75
Q

Cachexia

A

loss of equal amoutns of body fat and lean muscle, elevated basal metabolic rate, evidence of systemic inflammation (TNF-a = cachectin)

76
Q

“Initiation” of chemical carcinogenesis

A

irreversible, permanent DNA damage that MAY POTENTIALLY, but is NOT SUFFICIENT for tumor formation

77
Q

“Promoter” of chemical carcinogenesis

A

induce tumors to rise from initiated cells.

NONTUMORIGENIC themselves

78
Q

Direct acting carcinogens

A 
require NO metabolic activation to become carcinogenic.
Alkylating agents (anticancer drugs)/acetylating agents
79
Q

ultimate carcinogen

A

Indirect acting carcinogens - requires metabolic activation

80
Q

cytochrome p-450 dependent mono-oxygenases

A

metabolizes indirect-acting carcinogens
i.e. CYP1A1 (p450gene product) - 7fold increase for light smokers to develop lung cancer&raquo_space; CYP1A1 metabolizes benzo[a]pyrene

81
Q

alkylating agents in chemo

A

type of direct-acting initiator

82
Q

benzo[a]pyrene, azo dyes, aflatoxin

A

types of indirect-acting initiators

83
Q

Non-melanoma skin cancers (squamous cell carcinomas)

A

cumulative sun exposure

84
Q

melanoma skin cancers

A

intermittent, high intensity exposure (sunburn)

85
Q

pyrimidine dimers

A

formation in DNA results in carcigenicity of UVB light

86
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

pyrimidine dimers repair&raquo_space; overwhelmed by excessive sun exposure

87
Q

xeroderma pigmentosa

A

inherited disorder of DNA repair in which nucleotide excision repair genes are lost = cannot correct UVB damage that causes pyrimidine dimer formation

88
Q

Ionizing Radiation causes… (rank from highest vulnerability to least)

A
  1. Most frequent - myeloid leukemias and thyroid (only in young)
  2. Intermediate - breast, lungs, salivary glands
  3. Relatively resistant - GI, skin, bone
89
Q

Hairy cell leukemias are associated with mutation in what?

A

BRAF (cannot stop stimulation of downstream kinases that activate transcription factors)

MOD - Neoplasm (5 decks)

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