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MOD > neoplasia > Flashcards

neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasia definition

A

new growth

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2
Q

sarcoma NC

A

malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue ex cartilage, fibroblasts

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3
Q

leukemia NC

A

malignant tumor arising from blood-forming cells

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4
Q

lymphoma NC

A

tumors of lymphocytes or their precursors

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5
Q

carcinoma NC

A

tumors arising from epithelial cells in any of the three germ layers

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6
Q

most common cancers in adults

A

carcinomas

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7
Q

most common cancers in children

A

neuroblastomas, Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, acute leukemias, rhabdomyosarcomas

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8
Q

arsenic

A

associated with lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma

byproduct of metal smelting

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9
Q

asbestos

A

associated with lung carcinoma, mesothelioma

used for fire, heat, and friction resistance

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10
Q

benzene

A

associated with acute myeloid leukemia

principle component of light oil

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11
Q

beryllium

A

associated with lung carcinoma

missile fuel and space vehicles

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12
Q

cadmium

A

associated with prostate carcinoma

used in yellow pigments and phosphors, batteries

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13
Q

chromium

A

associated with lung carcinoma

component of metal alloys, paints

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14
Q

nickel compounds

A

associated with lung and oropharyngeal carcinoma

byproduct of stainless-steel arc welding, ferrous alloys

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15
Q

radon

A

associated with lung carcinoma

from decay of minerals containing uranium

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16
Q

vinyl chloride

A

associated with hepatic angiosarcoma

refrigerant, adhesive, aerosol propellant

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17
Q

hepatitis

A

associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

Hep B/C virus

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18
Q

pancreatitis

A

associated with pancreatic carcinoma

alcoholism

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19
Q

gastritis/ulcers

A

associated with gastric adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma

helicobacter pylori

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20
Q

chronic cystitis

A

associated with bladder carcinoma

schistosomiasis

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21
Q

chronic cervicitis

A

associated with cervical carcinoma

human papilloma virus

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22
Q

reflux esophagitis, Barrett esophagus

A

associated with esophageal carcinoma

gastric acid

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23
Q

Rb

A

a tumor suppressor gene responsible for familial retinoblastoma. negative regulator of G1/S cell cycle transition
exists in active hypophosphorylated state in quiescent cells, and inactive hyperphosphorylated state in cells going through G1/S

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24
Q

TP53

A

most frequently mutated gene in human cancers
gene product p53 induces cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis in response to DNA damage ( in healthy cells, bound to MDM2 to inhibit function)

25
Q

APC

A

encodes factor that negatively regulates WNT pathway in colonic epithelium by degrading B-catenin (TGF)
mutation doesn’t allowing binding to create destruction complex, B-catenin promotes proliferation
produces polyps in colon, which can turn malignant

26
Q

VHL

A

associated with hereditary renal cell cancers, pheochromocytoma, hemangioblastomas, retinal angiomas, and renal cysts
a component of ubiquitin ligase, normally sequesters HIF1, inhibiting function of turning on various growth factors

27
Q

BCR-ABL

A

the ABL gene, a tyrosine kinase, translocates from chromosome 9 to 22. It fuses with the BCR gene (drives self association and constitutive activation).
associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia

28
Q

TGF-b

A

inhibitor of cellular proliferation
mutation enhances immune evasion
common in colon, stomach, and endometrial cancers
inactivation mutations of SMAD4 common in pancreatic cancers

29
Q

MYC

A

MYC proto-onco gene that activates the expression of many genes involved in cell growth
activated by RAS/MAPK signaling following growth factor stimulation of quiescent cells

30
Q

what are the 4 classes of regulatory genes

A

tumor suppressor (growth inhibiting), proto-onco (growth promoting) , apoptosis, DNA repair

31
Q

how many tumor cells are present by the time cancer is diagnosed

A

over a billion (10^9)

32
Q

define tumor progression

A

over time tumor cells exhibit Darwinian like mutations to try to dominate the tumor mass, making the tumor more aggressive with time.

33
Q

different ways to increase MYC

A

translocation from chromosome 8 to 14, fusion with IG gene
amplification on chromosome 8
constitutive RAS/MAPK signaling

34
Q

proto-onco gene

A

normal cellular gene whose products promote cell proliferation

35
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated or overexposed versions of photo-onco genes that function autonomously having lost dependence on normal growth promoting signals

36
Q

oncoprotein

A

a protein encoded by an oncogene that drives increased cell proliferation through several mechanisms

37
Q

two-hit hypothesis

A

two mutations involving both alleles of Rb at locus 13q14 are required to produce retinoblastoma
familial at greater risk because they inherit one mutation
sporadic retinoblastoma results from both normal Rb alleles mutating

38
Q

Rb inactivation via DNA viruses

A

HPV E7 protein has higher affinity for Rb, not allowing binding (and inhibition) of E2F transcription factors.
=functional inactivation

39
Q

how do tumors avoid apoptosis

A

abnormalities that inhibit intrinsic or extrinsic pathway (most common intrinsic)
anti-apoptotic gene over expression (BCL2 due to translocation)
over expression of MCL-1 causes cell survival and drug resistance

40
Q

what are three ways cancers act like stem cells

A

evasion of mitotic crisis - shortening of telemeres causes dicentric joining of chromosomes, leading to snowballing dsDNA breaks, also need telomerase expression
evasion of senescence
self-renewal

41
Q

characteristics of benign tumors

A

well-differentiated cells similar to rest of tissue, capsulated, slow progressive growth, no metastasis

42
Q

characteristics of malignant tumors

A

anaplasia, erratic growth, invasive, frequent metastasis

43
Q

tumor

A

neoplasm, swelling caused by inflammation

44
Q

clonal

A

cell population from one cell

45
Q

angiogenesis in tumors

A

hypoxia triggers HIF1 to transcribe VEGF
p53 induces angiogenesis inhibitor thombospondin 1
RAS, MYC, MAPK upregulate
VEGF inhibitors are used to prolong clinical course of cancers

46
Q

metastasis steps

A

clonal expansion, growth, angiogenesis -> metastatic subclone -> adhesion and invasion of basement membrane -> passage through ECM –> intravasation -> interaction with host lymphoid cells -> tumor cell embolus -> adhesion to BM -> extravasation -> metastatic deposit -> angiogenesis/growth

47
Q

scirrhous

A

thickened stromal response

48
Q

role of stromal elements in metastasis

A

secrete proteolytic enzymes such as metalloproteases and cathepsins

49
Q

Cytotoxic T cell anti tumor effects

A

CD8+ protect against virus associated neoplasms

50
Q

NK cells anti tumor effects

A

first line of defense, activated by IL 2 and 15

lyse wide range of human tumors, many of which are nonimmunogenic

51
Q

macrophages

A

cytotoxic against tumor cells, activated by INF-y produced by NK and T cells

52
Q

pseudomyxoma peritoneii

A

floculent depositions of mucoid material in peritoneal cavity

53
Q

oncofocal antigens

A

proteins expressed at high levels on cancer cells and in tissues. CEA and AFP serve as important markers that aid in tumor diagnosis

54
Q

HTLV-1

A

causes adult T-cell leukemia/lyphoma
tropism for CD4+ T cells, infection via sexual intercourse
high fraction express FoxP3 (marker of Treg cells)

55
Q

HPV

A

a

56
Q

EBV

A

a

57
Q

HBV

A

a

58
Q

Merkel cell polymer virus

A

a

59
Q

HHV-8

A

a

MOD (8 decks)

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