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neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasia definition

A

new growth

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2
Q

sarcoma NC

A

malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue ex cartilage, fibroblasts

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3
Q

leukemia NC

A

malignant tumor arising from blood-forming cells

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4
Q

lymphoma NC

A

tumors of lymphocytes or their precursors

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5
Q

carcinoma NC

A

tumors arising from epithelial cells in any of the three germ layers

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6
Q

most common cancers in adults

A

carcinomas

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7
Q

most common cancers in children

A

neuroblastomas, Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, acute leukemias, rhabdomyosarcomas

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8
Q

arsenic

A

associated with lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma

byproduct of metal smelting

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9
Q

asbestos

A

associated with lung carcinoma, mesothelioma

used for fire, heat, and friction resistance

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10
Q

benzene

A

associated with acute myeloid leukemia

principle component of light oil

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11
Q

beryllium

A

associated with lung carcinoma

missile fuel and space vehicles

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12
Q

cadmium

A

associated with prostate carcinoma

used in yellow pigments and phosphors, batteries

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13
Q

chromium

A

associated with lung carcinoma

component of metal alloys, paints

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14
Q

nickel compounds

A

associated with lung and oropharyngeal carcinoma

byproduct of stainless-steel arc welding, ferrous alloys

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15
Q

radon

A

associated with lung carcinoma

from decay of minerals containing uranium

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16
Q

vinyl chloride

A

associated with hepatic angiosarcoma

refrigerant, adhesive, aerosol propellant

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17
Q

hepatitis

A

associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

Hep B/C virus

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18
Q

pancreatitis

A

associated with pancreatic carcinoma

alcoholism

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19
Q

gastritis/ulcers

A

associated with gastric adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma

helicobacter pylori

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20
Q

chronic cystitis

A

associated with bladder carcinoma

schistosomiasis

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21
Q

chronic cervicitis

A

associated with cervical carcinoma

human papilloma virus

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22
Q

reflux esophagitis, Barrett esophagus

A

associated with esophageal carcinoma

gastric acid

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23
Q

Rb

A

a tumor suppressor gene responsible for familial retinoblastoma. negative regulator of G1/S cell cycle transition
exists in active hypophosphorylated state in quiescent cells, and inactive hyperphosphorylated state in cells going through G1/S

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24
Q

TP53

A

most frequently mutated gene in human cancers
gene product p53 induces cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis in response to DNA damage ( in healthy cells, bound to MDM2 to inhibit function)

25
APC
encodes factor that negatively regulates WNT pathway in colonic epithelium by degrading B-catenin (TGF) mutation doesn't allowing binding to create destruction complex, B-catenin promotes proliferation produces polyps in colon, which can turn malignant
26
VHL
associated with hereditary renal cell cancers, pheochromocytoma, hemangioblastomas, retinal angiomas, and renal cysts a component of ubiquitin ligase, normally sequesters HIF1, inhibiting function of turning on various growth factors
27
BCR-ABL
the ABL gene, a tyrosine kinase, translocates from chromosome 9 to 22. It fuses with the BCR gene (drives self association and constitutive activation). associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia
28
TGF-b
inhibitor of cellular proliferation mutation enhances immune evasion common in colon, stomach, and endometrial cancers inactivation mutations of SMAD4 common in pancreatic cancers
29
MYC
MYC proto-onco gene that activates the expression of many genes involved in cell growth activated by RAS/MAPK signaling following growth factor stimulation of quiescent cells
30
what are the 4 classes of regulatory genes
tumor suppressor (growth inhibiting), proto-onco (growth promoting) , apoptosis, DNA repair
31
how many tumor cells are present by the time cancer is diagnosed
over a billion (10^9)
32
define tumor progression
over time tumor cells exhibit Darwinian like mutations to try to dominate the tumor mass, making the tumor more aggressive with time.
33
different ways to increase MYC
translocation from chromosome 8 to 14, fusion with IG gene amplification on chromosome 8 constitutive RAS/MAPK signaling
34
proto-onco gene
normal cellular gene whose products promote cell proliferation
35
oncogenes
mutated or overexposed versions of photo-onco genes that function autonomously having lost dependence on normal growth promoting signals
36
oncoprotein
a protein encoded by an oncogene that drives increased cell proliferation through several mechanisms
37
two-hit hypothesis
two mutations involving both alleles of Rb at locus 13q14 are required to produce retinoblastoma familial at greater risk because they inherit one mutation sporadic retinoblastoma results from both normal Rb alleles mutating
38
Rb inactivation via DNA viruses
HPV E7 protein has higher affinity for Rb, not allowing binding (and inhibition) of E2F transcription factors. =functional inactivation
39
how do tumors avoid apoptosis
abnormalities that inhibit intrinsic or extrinsic pathway (most common intrinsic) anti-apoptotic gene over expression (BCL2 due to translocation) over expression of MCL-1 causes cell survival and drug resistance
40
what are three ways cancers act like stem cells
evasion of mitotic crisis - shortening of telemeres causes dicentric joining of chromosomes, leading to snowballing dsDNA breaks, also need telomerase expression evasion of senescence self-renewal
41
characteristics of benign tumors
well-differentiated cells similar to rest of tissue, capsulated, slow progressive growth, no metastasis
42
characteristics of malignant tumors
anaplasia, erratic growth, invasive, frequent metastasis
43
tumor
neoplasm, swelling caused by inflammation
44
clonal
cell population from one cell
45
angiogenesis in tumors
hypoxia triggers HIF1 to transcribe VEGF p53 induces angiogenesis inhibitor thombospondin 1 RAS, MYC, MAPK upregulate VEGF inhibitors are used to prolong clinical course of cancers
46
metastasis steps
clonal expansion, growth, angiogenesis -> metastatic subclone -> adhesion and invasion of basement membrane -> passage through ECM --> intravasation -> interaction with host lymphoid cells -> tumor cell embolus -> adhesion to BM -> extravasation -> metastatic deposit -> angiogenesis/growth
47
scirrhous
thickened stromal response
48
role of stromal elements in metastasis
secrete proteolytic enzymes such as metalloproteases and cathepsins
49
Cytotoxic T cell anti tumor effects
CD8+ protect against virus associated neoplasms
50
NK cells anti tumor effects
first line of defense, activated by IL 2 and 15 | lyse wide range of human tumors, many of which are nonimmunogenic
51
macrophages
cytotoxic against tumor cells, activated by INF-y produced by NK and T cells
52
pseudomyxoma peritoneii
floculent depositions of mucoid material in peritoneal cavity
53
oncofocal antigens
proteins expressed at high levels on cancer cells and in tissues. CEA and AFP serve as important markers that aid in tumor diagnosis
54
HTLV-1
causes adult T-cell leukemia/lyphoma tropism for CD4+ T cells, infection via sexual intercourse high fraction express FoxP3 (marker of Treg cells)
55
HPV
a
56
EBV
a
57
HBV
a
58
Merkel cell polymer virus
a
59
HHV-8
a

MOD (8 decks)

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