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MOD > Chp 2 > Flashcards

Chp 2 Flashcards

1
Q

general pathology

A

a medical school subject dealing with general reactions of cells nd tissues to injury

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2
Q

systemic pathology

A

the study of how underlying mechanisms work out in various organ systems

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3
Q

anatomic pathology

A

a medical specialty focusing of diagnosing disease by its morphology

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4
Q

clinical pathology

A

medical specialty focusing on other aspects of the lab (hematology, clinical chemistry, blood banking, urinalysis)

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5
Q

disease

A

stuff on or under the skin that interferes with a persons ability to work, play, and love others

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6
Q

etiology

A

cause of a disease

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7
Q

intrinsic etiology

A

disease from inherited genetic mutation

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8
Q

extrinsic etiology

A

disease from cell injury

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9
Q

pathogenesis

A

the story of how a disease develops

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10
Q

morphology

A

a set of anatomic changes that one sees in disease

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11
Q

Becker’s nevus

A

skin on the trunk that is extra-sensitive to testosterone

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12
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases per unit of time

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13
Q

prevalence

A

number of sick at any one time

=incidence X average duration

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14
Q

risk

A

how much your situation increases your chance of getting the disease

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15
Q

diagnosis

A

the name of a disease

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16
Q

prognosis

A

the expected outcome for a patient

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17
Q

congenital disease

A

symptoms and signs at birth

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18
Q

disease process

A

mechanism common to many diseases

inflammation

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19
Q

biopsy

A

getting tissue from the living for diagnosis

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20
Q

closed biopsy

A

tissue obtained for diagnosis without making a surgical incision

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21
Q

open biopsy

A

tissue obtained for diagnosis through a surgical incision

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22
Q

incisional biopsy

A

a piece of tissue is taken for diagnosis from a larger diseased structure

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23
Q

excisional biopsy

A

an entire mass/organ is removed for diagnosis/cure

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24
Q

autopsy

A

the opposite of biopsy

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25
Q

symptoms

A

what the patient tells you

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26
Q

signs

A

what you find on physical exam and other studies

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27
Q

syndrome

A

group of symptoms with a common underlying pathophysiology, but many different possible underlying diseases
i.e. Meniere;s syndrome - hearing loss, dizziness, ringing of ears all from disease of inner ear, which disease varies

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28
Q

pathognomonic

A

a particular abnormality is found only in one disease/condition

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29
Q

forme fruste

A

mild variant of a longstanding, typically much more severe disease

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30
Q

pathogen

A

the microbe that causes a disease

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31
Q

agenesis/aplasia

A

complete failure of an organ to form

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32
Q

atresia

A

a lumen completely failed to form

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33
Q

stenosis

A

lumen is too narrow

34
Q

occlusion

A

lumen is closed, though it was once open

35
Q

spasm

A

inappropriate contraction of a muscle

36
Q

hypoplasia

A

failure of an organ to grow to normal size

37
Q

local gigantism

A

an organ is disproportionately large

38
Q

malformation

A

something is shaped wrong from the beginning

39
Q

syn, holo

A

things do not separate

40
Q

supernumerary

A

extra of something

41
Q

hamartoma

A

the right stuff in the right place with the wrong arrangement

42
Q

cysts

A

abnormal, fluid filled, epithelial lined, closed

43
Q

choristomas

A

good stuff in the wrong place

i.e. sebaceous glands in the mouth

44
Q

fistula

A

abnormal, epithelial lined communication between two surfaces

45
Q

pathological sinus

A

like a fistula except one end is a pathological sack or leads to nowhere

46
Q

true diverticulum

A

includes the muscle

i.e. Meckel’s, appendix

47
Q

Pseudodiverticulum

A

through the muscle

i.e. Zenker’s esophageal, common colon ticks

48
Q

atrophy

A

an organ becomes smaller

49
Q

cachexia

A

wasting of the entire body as a result of cytokine activity or cancer, more muscle destruction than fat

50
Q

hypertrophy

A

increased cell size, size of organ

51
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

i.e. prayer mark during hyperplasia of epidermis

52
Q

metaplasia

A

one adult tissue component is replaced with another

i.e. columnar epithelium in uterus becomes stratified squamous

53
Q

anaplasia

A

cells are bizarre, unlike normal cells

54
Q

dysplasia

A

anaplasia confined to epithelium, usually proceeds development of cancers

55
Q

apoptosis

A

physiologic programmed death of cells

56
Q

necrosis

A

death of cells due to injury

57
Q

pathological apoptosis

A

apoptosis due to cell injury

58
Q

coagulation necrosis

A

hypoxia/denaturation

59
Q

liquefaction necrosis

A

hydrolysis of proteins, yellow

60
Q

caseation/caseous necrosis

A

mass apoptosis, white

61
Q

enzymatic fat necrosis

A

saponified necrosis

62
Q

ischemia

A

loss of blood flow to an organ

63
Q

hypoxemia

A

hypoxia due to too little oxygen in the blood

64
Q

anemia

A

hypoxia due to too little oxygen carrying capacity

65
Q

pus

A

tissue liquified by enzymes produced by neutrophils

66
Q

abscess

A

pus in a confined space

67
Q

dry gangrene

A

tissue dried out before clostridia arrived

68
Q

wet gangrene

A

clostridia arrived before the tissue dried out

69
Q

noma

A

necrosis of the mouth in malnutrition

70
Q

fibrinoid necrosis

A

wall of a muscular artery dies and becomes rich in plasma proteins

71
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

accumulations of calcium at sites of disease

72
Q

metastatic calcification

A

precipitation of calcium phosphate in healthy tissue due to elevated blood calcium, phosphate, or both

73
Q

clonal senescence

A

normal cells have a limited capacity for replication, and after a fixed number of divisions cells become arrested in a terminally non dividing state

74
Q

teratoma

A

tumor with tissues from multiple germ layers i.e. hair, bone, teeth

75
Q

karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis

76
Q

karyolysis

A

complete dissolution of the nucleus in a dying cell due to enzymatic degradation via endonucleases

77
Q

pyknosis

A

irreversible condensation of chromatin in a nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis

78
Q

hemosiderin

A

compact storage form of iron

79
Q

lipofuscin

A

breakdown product of long gone membranes

80
Q

amyloid

A

beta pleated protein that accumulates in variety of local and systemic illnesses

MOD (8 decks)

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