Chp 2 Flashcards
general pathology
a medical school subject dealing with general reactions of cells nd tissues to injury
systemic pathology
the study of how underlying mechanisms work out in various organ systems
anatomic pathology
a medical specialty focusing of diagnosing disease by its morphology
clinical pathology
medical specialty focusing on other aspects of the lab (hematology, clinical chemistry, blood banking, urinalysis)
disease
stuff on or under the skin that interferes with a persons ability to work, play, and love others
etiology
cause of a disease
intrinsic etiology
disease from inherited genetic mutation
extrinsic etiology
disease from cell injury
pathogenesis
the story of how a disease develops
morphology
a set of anatomic changes that one sees in disease
Becker’s nevus
skin on the trunk that is extra-sensitive to testosterone
incidence
number of new cases per unit of time
prevalence
number of sick at any one time
=incidence X average duration
risk
how much your situation increases your chance of getting the disease
diagnosis
the name of a disease
prognosis
the expected outcome for a patient
congenital disease
symptoms and signs at birth
disease process
mechanism common to many diseases
inflammation
biopsy
getting tissue from the living for diagnosis
closed biopsy
tissue obtained for diagnosis without making a surgical incision
open biopsy
tissue obtained for diagnosis through a surgical incision
incisional biopsy
a piece of tissue is taken for diagnosis from a larger diseased structure
excisional biopsy
an entire mass/organ is removed for diagnosis/cure
autopsy
the opposite of biopsy
symptoms
what the patient tells you
signs
what you find on physical exam and other studies
syndrome
group of symptoms with a common underlying pathophysiology, but many different possible underlying diseases
i.e. Meniere;s syndrome - hearing loss, dizziness, ringing of ears all from disease of inner ear, which disease varies
pathognomonic
a particular abnormality is found only in one disease/condition
forme fruste
mild variant of a longstanding, typically much more severe disease
pathogen
the microbe that causes a disease
agenesis/aplasia
complete failure of an organ to form
atresia
a lumen completely failed to form
stenosis
lumen is too narrow
occlusion
lumen is closed, though it was once open
spasm
inappropriate contraction of a muscle
hypoplasia
failure of an organ to grow to normal size
local gigantism
an organ is disproportionately large
malformation
something is shaped wrong from the beginning
syn, holo
things do not separate
supernumerary
extra of something
hamartoma
the right stuff in the right place with the wrong arrangement
cysts
abnormal, fluid filled, epithelial lined, closed
choristomas
good stuff in the wrong place
i.e. sebaceous glands in the mouth
fistula
abnormal, epithelial lined communication between two surfaces
pathological sinus
like a fistula except one end is a pathological sack or leads to nowhere
true diverticulum
includes the muscle
i.e. Meckel’s, appendix
Pseudodiverticulum
through the muscle
i.e. Zenker’s esophageal, common colon ticks
atrophy
an organ becomes smaller
cachexia
wasting of the entire body as a result of cytokine activity or cancer, more muscle destruction than fat
hypertrophy
increased cell size, size of organ
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
i.e. prayer mark during hyperplasia of epidermis
metaplasia
one adult tissue component is replaced with another
i.e. columnar epithelium in uterus becomes stratified squamous
anaplasia
cells are bizarre, unlike normal cells
dysplasia
anaplasia confined to epithelium, usually proceeds development of cancers
apoptosis
physiologic programmed death of cells
necrosis
death of cells due to injury
pathological apoptosis
apoptosis due to cell injury
coagulation necrosis
hypoxia/denaturation
liquefaction necrosis
hydrolysis of proteins, yellow
caseation/caseous necrosis
mass apoptosis, white
enzymatic fat necrosis
saponified necrosis
ischemia
loss of blood flow to an organ
hypoxemia
hypoxia due to too little oxygen in the blood
anemia
hypoxia due to too little oxygen carrying capacity
pus
tissue liquified by enzymes produced by neutrophils
abscess
pus in a confined space
dry gangrene
tissue dried out before clostridia arrived
wet gangrene
clostridia arrived before the tissue dried out
noma
necrosis of the mouth in malnutrition
fibrinoid necrosis
wall of a muscular artery dies and becomes rich in plasma proteins
dystrophic calcification
accumulations of calcium at sites of disease
metastatic calcification
precipitation of calcium phosphate in healthy tissue due to elevated blood calcium, phosphate, or both
clonal senescence
normal cells have a limited capacity for replication, and after a fixed number of divisions cells become arrested in a terminally non dividing state
teratoma
tumor with tissues from multiple germ layers i.e. hair, bone, teeth
karyorrhexis
fragmentation of the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis
karyolysis
complete dissolution of the nucleus in a dying cell due to enzymatic degradation via endonucleases
pyknosis
irreversible condensation of chromatin in a nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis
hemosiderin
compact storage form of iron
lipofuscin
breakdown product of long gone membranes
amyloid
beta pleated protein that accumulates in variety of local and systemic illnesses
