Chp 4

Question 1

edema

Answer 1

too much interstitial fluid in tissues and outside individual cells

Question 2

intracellular edema

Answer 2

cloudy swelling win injured cells

Question 3

anasarca

Answer 3

generalized, sever dedema

Question 4

effusion

Answer 4

liquid in the pericardial, pleural, peritoneal, or joint cavities

Question 5

ascites

Answer 5

effusion in the peritoneal cavity

Question 6

hydrothorax

Answer 6

watery fluid in the pleural space

Question 7

empyema

Answer 7

pus/purulent effusion in the pleural vavity

Question 8

hydropericardium

Answer 8

watery fluid in the pericardial cavity

Question 9

hydrocephalus

Answer 9

too much CSF

Question 10

hydrocele

Answer 10

extra fluid within the membrane around the testis

Question 11

hydrosalpinx

Answer 11

too much fluid in the fallopian tube following gonorrheal or other salpingitis

Question 12

ileus

Answer 12

too much fluid in the small bowel

Question 13

seroma

Answer 13

non-infected fluid in the surgical incision

Question 14

loculated effusion

Answer 14

more than one compartment, due to scarring, harder to drain

Question 15

blister

Answer 15

fluid in the epidermis or between dermis and epidermis

Question 16

bulla vs vesicles

Answer 16

big vs little blisters

Question 17

mechanisms in with edema can form (5)

Answer 17

1) excess total body fluid
2) increased pressure in the small veins of the body
3) decreased total plasma protein/albumin content
4) lymphatic vessel obstruction
5) leaky vessels from inflammation

Question 18

examples of causes of edema

Answer 18

1) excess total body water- iatrogenic fluid overloading, kidney failure
2) increased venous pressure - CHF, pericardial disease, pregnancy, thrombus
3) decreased blood protein content - malnourishment, malabsorption, liver failure
4) lymphatic obstruction - filariasis, surgery, radiation, cancer
5) other - trauma, lead poisoning

Question 19

chylous effusion

Answer 19

result from damaged lymphatics, thoracic duct, and produce turbid, lipid rich fluid

Question 20

transudate

Answer 20

salt water, vessels keep protein in the bloodstream

Question 21

exudate

Answer 21

leaky vessels produce protein rich edema

Question 22

cardiac edema

Answer 22

edema first appearing in the feet after standing

from CHF

Question 23

renal edema

Answer 23

edema first appearing around the eyes

total-body water overload/low blood albumin

Question 24

liver disease

Answer 24

edema first appearing as excess fluid in the abdomen

low blood albumin plus increased resistance to portal venous flow

Question 25

angioedema

Answer 25

syndrome in which blood vessels suddenly become extra-permeable
hereditary C1-esterase deficiency
side effect of captorpril

Question 26

hyperemia

Answer 26

increased blood flow to an organ

red and throbs

Question 27

congestion

Answer 27

decreased blood flow from organ

purple and doesn’t throb

Question 28

watershed infarct

Answer 28

a

Question 29

irreversible shock

Answer 29

a

Question 30

progressve/decompensated shock

Answer 30

a

Question 31

compensated shock

Answer 31

a

Question 32

causes of shock

Answer 32

a

Question 33

hemostasis events (4)

Answer 33

1) Vasoconstriction
2) Primary hemostasis
3) Secondary hemostasis
4) Clot stabilization and resorption

Question 34

vasoconstriction event

Answer 34

function - reduce blood flow
modulator - endothelin

Question 35

primary hemostasis event

Answer 35

function - formation of platelet plug
mechanism - von Willebrand factor and collagen exposed promotes platelet activation. platelets grow and release secretory granules to aggregate and recruit more platelets

Question 36

secondary hemostasis event

Answer 36

function - deposit fibrin
mechanism - tissue factor bind sand activates factor VII, cascades into thrombin formation. thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin. fibrin creates meshwork and activates more platelets

Question 37

clot stabilization event

Answer 37

function - create permanent plug and repair
mechanism - fibrin contracts. counterregulatory mechanisms activate to limit clotting

Question 38

prothrombin time (PT)

Answer 38

assess function of extrinsic pathway
factors VII X V II, fibrinogen
how? tissue factor and calcium are added to plasma and timed

Question 39

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Answer 39

assess function of intrinsic pathway
factors XII XI IX VIII X V II
how? ground glass activates XII phospholipids and calcium

Question 40

fibrinolysis

Answer 40

accomplished via plasmin, from plasminogen catabolism via XII pathway or t-PA