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Mechanisms Of Disease > Neoplasia 3 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 leading behavioural and dietary risk factors for cancer?

A 
High BMI
Low fruit and veg intake 
Lack of physical activity 
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
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2
Q

What percentage of cancer risk do we attribute to the environment?

A

85%

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3
Q

What are the 3 main categories for extrinsic carcinogens?

A

Chemicals
Radiation
Infections

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4
Q

What is 2-napthylamine?

A

Dye

Causes bladder cancer

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5
Q

What did the dye industry end up proving about cancer?

A

There is a long delay between carcinogen exposure and malignant neoplasm onset
Risk of cancer depends of total carcinogen dosage
There is sometimes organ specificity for particular carcinogens

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6
Q

What does the Ames test show?

A

Initiators are mutagens
Promoters cause prolonged proliferation in target tissues
Culminates in monoclonal expansion of mutant cells

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7
Q

What type of carcinogens are present in cigarette smoke?

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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8
Q

What type of carcinogens are in dye?

A

Aromatic amines

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9
Q

What type of carcinogens can be generated by the stomach?

A

N-nitroso compounds

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10
Q

What type of carcinogens is vinyl chloride?

A

Alkylating agents

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11
Q

How are procarcinogens converted to carcinogens?

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver

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12
Q

What is a complete carcinogen?

A

One that acts as an initiator and promoter

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13
Q

What is radiation?

A

Any type of energy travelling through space

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14
Q

What does ionising radiation do?

A

Strips electrons from atoms

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15
Q

What direct DNA damage can be caused by radiation?

A

Altered bases

Single/double strand DNA breaks

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16
Q

How is indirect DNA damage caused by radiation?

A

free radical formation

17
Q

How can infections be directly carcinogenic?

A

Affects genes that control cell growth

18
Q

How can infections be indirectly carcinogenic?

A

Cause chronic tissue injury

Resulting regeneration acts as a promoter or may cause new mutations

19
Q

Which cancer is HPV strongly linked to?

A

Cervical cancer

20
Q

How does HVP act as a direct carcinogen?

A

Expresses E6 and E7 proteins
E6 inhibits p53
E7 inhibits pRB protein function

21
Q

Helicobacter pylori increases risk of …

A

Gastric carcinoma

22
Q

Describe the RAS proto-oncogene

A

Encodes a small G protein that signals to push the cell past the cell cycle restriction point
Mutated in approx 1/3 of all malignant neoplasms

23
Q

Describe the RB gene

A

Restrains cell proliferation by inhibiting passage through the restriction point
Inactivation of the RB gene allows unrestrained passage through restriction point

24
Q

Name some of the many things that proto-oncogenes can encode

A 
Growth factors
Growth factor receptors
Signal transducers (RAS) 
Intracellular kinases
Transcription factors
Cell cycle regulators 
Apoptosis regulators
25
Q

What is xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

Autosomal recessive condition
Mutations in DNA repair genes
Cannot perform nucleotide excision repair
Patient very sensitive to UV damage

26
Q

What is hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndrome?

A

Mutation affects one of several DNA mismatch repair genes
Autosomal dominant
Associated with colon carcinoma

27
Q

Which genes are linked to familial breast carcinoma and what are their usual functions?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA 2

Usually important for repairing double stranded DNA breaks

28
Q

What do we call the genes that maintain genetic stability?

A 
Caretaker genes
(A class of tumour suppressor genes)
29
Q

What is cancer progression?

A

A steady accumulation of multiple mutations

30
Q

What are the 6 hallmark cellular behaviours for cancer cells?

A

Self sufficiency in growth signals
Resistance to anti-growth signals
No limit to number of times a cell can divide
Sustained ability to induce new blood vessels
Resistance to apoptosis
Ability to invade and produce metastases

31
Q

What is Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A 
B cell lymphoma 
Associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and malaria 
Activation of an oncogene 
MYC gene 
Most commonly affects children
32
Q

What is familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

Mutations in APC gene
Rare
Autosomal dominant
Numerous adenomas develop at an early age - almost inevitable progression to adenocarcinomas

33
Q

Most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma are secondary to something. What can those things be?

A

Viral HepB or HepC
Metabolic toxins (aflatoxin/alcohol)
Endogenous toxins (haemochromatosis)
Chronic liver disease

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

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